Ontology for the Sharing Ancient Wisdoms (SAWS) project, to represent the information and knowledge available in medieval gnomologia (collections of wise sayings). SAWS concentrates mainly on Ancient Greek and Arabic manuscripts containing wisdom literature. All class descriptions are provided by domain experts and the ontology has been developed through collaboration between these experts and ontology developers.
Version 2.0. Produced after intensive discussions in Goettingen (September 2012) with SAWS project partners and various collaborators.
are marginalia on
To indicate that Marginalia have been written on the manuscript,e .g. in the margins
comment made by
A comment has been made by a modern-day scholar/editor. NB to represent marginalia physically written in the margins of the manuscript, use: Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe.
LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
decoration added by
A DecorativeItem has been physically added onto the manuscript by a Person NB to represent marginalia notes (text) physically written in the margins of the manuscript, use: Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe @en
Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
follows
A Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance comes after another Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance in the document
forms part of
Physical Manuscripts can be composed of many Manuscript Parts – this relationship would be stated once for each part. This relationship can be used both for existing Manuscript Parts or for Manuscript Parts which used to be parts of a manuscript
has added decoration
A Person has physically added a DecorativeItem onto the manuscript NB to represent where scribes have written marginalia notes (text) physically onto the manuscript, use: Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
has added marginalia
A Scribe has physically added Marginalia onto a manuscript. NB to represent where a modern-day scholar/editor makes a comment, not written onto the manuscript, use: Editor hasMadeComment Comment
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject Editor hasMadeComment Comment
has ancestor
An ancestor OriginalMaterial is a source material (direct or indirect) for the production of part or all of the descendant OriginalMaterial
hasChild
The parent OriginalMaterial is a direct source for the production of part or all of the child OriginalMaterial
has comment
To indicate that something has been commented about in an editorial Comment
has descendant
has made comment
A modern-day scholar/editor has made a comment. NB to represent scribes physically writing marginalia on the manuscript, use: Scribe hasAddedMarginalia."@en
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
has marginalia
To indicate that a manuscript has had Marginalia written on it, e.g. in the margins
has member
We use hasMember to indicate: - A Family contains the specified original material (i.e. one produced by Scribe transcription rather than being edited in modern times) - An Institution has as a member this Person
dct:hasPart efrbroo:R10_has_member ecrm:P107_has_current_or_former_member
has owned
A Person has owned (either currently or in the past) the Material of Interest. This would normally be based on a specific statement/mark of ownership. [nb this will always need a date?]
has parent
has part
has used
A Person has used (either currently or in the past) the OriginalMaterial in their work. [nb this will always need a date?]
has written
A Person has written (or has transcribed) a LinguisticObject. NB This also includes: Editor hasWritten Comment Scribe hasWritten Marginalia
Editor hasMadeComment Comment Scribe hasAddedMarginalia Marginalia
is ancestor of
is attributed author of
An author has been attributed as the author of this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is attributed to author
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is attributed to this AttributedAuthor
is based on
An edition is based upon one or more textual materials (manuscripts, collections etc). One <relation> per each textual material)
is by same scribe as
Person hasWritten LinguisticObject LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart isFromSamePlaceAs PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart
The two manuscripts (or parts of the manuscripts) have been copied/produced by the same Person
is child of
is close rendering of
From one dialect or genre into another. This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a close rendering of the original LinguisticObject. For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isLooseRenderingOf
is close translation of
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas, but is expressed in a different language (FRBRoo: an Expression of the same Work in a different Language). This property indicates that the translated text is a close interpretation of the original text For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isLooseTranslationOf isCloseRenderingOf
is comment on
To indicate that an editorial Comment is being made about something
is copied by
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is copied by this Scribe
is copier of
A Scribe has written or copied this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is descendant of
is different to
To explicitly say that two things are different from each other
is direct translation of
To indicate that the translator worked directly from an MS or text which we have identified, to produce the target linguistic object. A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a different language (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression). For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isIndirectTranslationOf isTransliterationOf
is edited by
An Edition is edited by an Editor (someone from the SAWS team or another modern-day scholar)
is editor of
An Editor (a modern-day scholar, e.g. someone from the SAWS team) has edited an Edition
is from same place as
(Place or Institution) isLocationForWritingOf Material Material isWrittenAt (Place or Institution) PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscript/ManuscriptPart isBySameScribeAs PhysicalManuscript/ReconstructedManuscriptPart
The two manuscripts (or parts of the manuscripts) have been copied/produced in the same Place/Institution
is in language
A LinguisticObject is text in the specified Language
is in same family as
Two OriginalMaterials are related by being part of the same Family of Original Materials
is indirect translation of
To indicate where the Scribe worked from a lost translation/version or series of translations/versions to produce the target LinguisticObject. This relation should be used when we know that one LinguisticObject is a source of another (in a different language) and we want to assert that one text is not a direct translation from a previous document but where other unknown documents were involved in the process of going from one to another. For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isDirectTranslationOf
is located at
A physical thing is (or was) located at a particular location (Place or Locus) NB Use this relation if you are talking about a physically-existing object being located at a physical place. Use physicallyLocatedAt if you are talking about an abstract linguistic object being found at a particular locus.
physicallyLocatedAt
is location for writing of
A Place is the location witnessing the writing (or transcription) of a LinguisticObject
isLocationOf
is location of
A particular Place or Locus is (or was) the location of a physical thing. NB Use this relation if you are talking about the physical location of a physically-existing object. Use physicalLocationOf if you are talking about the physical location for an abstract linguistic object.
physicalLocationOf
is longer translation of
A LinguisticObject is an enhanced or expanded copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isLongerVersionOf
is longer version of
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a longer version (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression) which is an extension of the original text in some way. For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
is loose rendering of
From one dialect or genre into another. This property specifies the source and target LinguisticObject involved (respectively) when rendering one LinguisticObject instance to express it in a related but different way (not necessarily in a different Language), resulting in a new LinguisticObject e.g. poetry into prose, or from one dialect to another, or a paraphrase being made. This property indicates that the new LinguisticObject is a loose rendering of the original LinguisticObject For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isCloseRenderingOf
is loose translation of
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a different language (FRBRoo: a different and longer Expression). This property indicates that the translated text is a loose interpretation of the original text For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isCloseTranslationOf isLooseRenderingOf
is member of
We use isMemberOf to indicate: - An OriginalMaterial is member of a Family of related OriginalMaterials - A Person is member of an Institution
dct:isPartOf efrbroo:R10i_is_member_of ecrm:P107i_is_current_or_former_member_of
is not present in
To specify that a piece of text is missing from a LinguisticObject, for example if this text appears in a corresponding part of a manuscript from the same Family
is older than
A Physical man-made thing (physical manuscript) is older than (i.e. was produced earlier in time than) another specified Physical man-made thing
is parent of
is referenced by
This property allows you to say that an object or some text (internal to that document or from an external source) is referred to in the text of a LinguisticObject, e.g. by being described or being alluded to
is related to
Two things are related in some way. This relation may be used where the details of the link are to be refined at a later date, or where some relation is seen but the annotater cannot be more specific than to indicate that this relationship exists.
is sequentially same as
A CollectionInstance or Section has the same sequential structure as another CollectionInstance or Section. N.B. CollectionInstances contain sequences of ordered Sections. Sections contain sequences of ordered ContentItems
isSequentiallySimilarTo isSubSequenceOf
is sequentially similar to
A CollectionInstance or Section has a slightly different but related sequential structure to another CollectionInstance or Section. N.B. CollectionInstances contain sequences of ordered Sections. Sections contain sequences of ordered ContentItems
isSequentiallySameAs isSubSequenceOf
is shorter translation of
A LinguisticObject is a condensed copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isShorterVersionOf
is shorter version of
A LinguisticObject is related to another LinguisticObject in that it conveys the same ideas (FRBRoo: Work), but is expressed in a more concise version (FRBRoo: a different and shorter Expression) For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isShorterTranslationOf
The two OriginalMaterials are produced using the same source(s) OriginalMaterial(s) (as indirect or direct source)
is source for
A textual material (manuscripts, collections etc) is one of the source documents on which an edition is based. One <relation> per each textual material)
is sub sequence of
A Section is formed of a sequence of ContentItems that is a subsequence of the sequence of ContentItems in another Section
isSequentiallySameAs isSequentiallySimilarTo
is transliteration of
A LinguisticObject is a transliteration of another LinguisticObject, i.e. same words but using a different set of characters, e.g. kai isTransliterationOf και
is transmitted by
A LinguisticObject (except Edition) is transmitted by this Transmitter (Person)
is transmitter of
A Transmitter (Person) has transmitted this LinguisticObject (any Linguistic Object except Edition)
is twin of
The two OriginalMaterials are produced using the same direct source(s) OriginalMaterial
is unrelated to
To explicitly say two things are not at all related but are completely independent of each other
is variant of
A LinguisticObject is a variant of another LinguisticObject. NB This property is specialised by its subproperties - this is the default option, but more specialised properties should be used where possible. isVariantOf can be used as a placeholder or temporary annotation in a preliminary stage of annotation For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isVariantTranslationOf
is variant translation of
A LinguisticObject is a slightly modified copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isVariant
is verbatim of
A LinguisticObject is a verbatim, word-for-word copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between text of the same language, or comparing between different languages where the direction of translation is unknown or indirect
isVerbatimTranslationOf
is verbatim translation of
A LinguisticObject is a verbatim, word-for-word copy of another LinguisticObject. For comparing between different languages (where a translation act is known to have taken place directly between those documents, in a particular direction)
isVerbatimOf
is written at
A LinguisticObject is written (or transcribed) at a specified Place
isLocatedAt
is written by
A LinguisticObject is written (or transcribed) by a specified Person
Comment commentMadeBy Editor Marginalia marginaliaAddedBy Scribe
is younger than
A Physical man-made thing (physical manuscript) is younger than (i.e. was produced later in time than) another specified Physical man-made thing
marginalia added by
LinguisticObject isWrittenBy Person Comment commentMadeBy Editor
Marginalia have been physically added onto the manuscript by a Scribe NB to represent where a comment has been made by a modern-day scholar/editor, not written onto the manuscript, use: Comment commentMadeBy Editor
owned by
The Material of interest has been owned (in the past or currently) by this particular Person. This would normally be based on a specific statement/mark of ownership. [nb this will always need a date?]
physical location of
This lets you describe the physical location of the LinguisticObject, e.g. a particular piece of text, or Marginalia, by recording the Locus that the notes are physically written on in a Material. You can describe the Locus (e.g. folio number, or position on the page) in free text, in as much detail as required, if there is no formal way to describe the location of the text/marginalia] NB Use this relation if you are talking about the physical location for an abstract linguistic object. Use isLocationOf if you are talking about the physical location of a physically-existing object.
This lets you describe the physical location of the LinguisticObject, e.g. a particular piece of text, or Marginalia, by recording the Locus that the notes are physically written on in a Material. You can describe the Locus (e.g. folio number, or position on the page) in free text, in as much detail as required, if there is no formal way to describe the location of the text/marginalia NB Use this relation if you are talking about an abstract linguistic object which is to be found at a particular locus. Use isLocatedAt if you are talking about a physically-existing object being located at a physical place.
physically located at
precedes
A Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance comes before another Section/ContentItem/CollectionInstance in the document
refers to
This property allows you to say that the text of a LinguisticObject makes a reference to (or mentions) some other text or object, either within the text (e.g. as allusion) or external to the text (for external things, please give a URI for that object)
used by
The Original Material of interest has been used by this particular Person in their work. [nb this will always need a date?]
person
Note for SAWS: this includes any human being, named or otherwise
title
place
language
Note for SAWS: This represents language in which a material is written - this is put in the TEI header. NB in the TEI header we should use standards for languages, e.g. the more detailed ISO standards at http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ , so use “http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-2/grc” for Ancient Greek rather than “Greek”
abstract manuscript text
The text that is written in an manuscript
attributed author
Person to whom original authorship of a linguistic object is attributed, as the source of that linguistic object
collection instance
The gnomologium or other compilation/collection on which we are working
comment
Comment on a part of the material, usually from the modern editor. N.B. The Comment class is for comments on a material that do not physically exist on that material. If a comment has been physically written on a material (usually in the margin), then this should be represented as an instance of Marginalia.
content item
A basic unit of interest within the Material: a division of a collection instance/section, for more exact reference than when using a section – this identifies basic units of interest in the material for SAWS (marked in TEI as <seg>)
decorative item
Decorative element (picture, ornamentation, etc) within the material, either meaning-bearing or non meaning-bearing
definition
A content item that is defining a concept or term used in the material
edition
Any edited material, known or unknown, including texts such as the Bible and Kekaumenos
editor
A modern scholar editing material to produce an edition, in the age of printing and beyond
editor section
Any division within a linguistic object created by an editor, e.g. to make the navigation of the text clearer or to mark a region of interest
editor title
Indicates a title that was assigned outside the manuscript by an editor
epilogue
family
A grouping of related Materials - this is a concept, an interpretation, rather than a physical thing
hypothesised instance
The physical instance of an abstract manuscript text or collection instance which we hypothesise may have existed, but which we do not have - it is presumed lost or destroyed
institution
An Institution can own materials, be located at places, and include persons as members
lacuna
A physical gap in the physical manuscript
locus
A physical location within a physical manuscript
manuscript part
A physical section of a physical manuscript
marginalia
Remark(s) physically written in the margin of the material by a scribe, not necessarily the original scribe. N.B. If a comment has been physically written on a material (usually in the margin), then this should be represented as an instance of Marginalia. The Comment class is for comments on a material that don’t physically exist on that material
material
Any of the texts we are working on in SAWS or that we are referring to
narrative
Narrative text that is not a saying itself, that either stands alone or is the text surrounding or immediately preceding or following the Statement (saying), e.g. 'Aristotle says...', 'The frogs asked for a king.’, ‘Aristotle is a lover of knowledge’
original material
A material produced by scribe transcription rather than being edited in modern times
other content item
A unit of the material within a content item, as identified by the modern editor, which isn’t a narrative, statement, or definition
physical manuscript
The physical object on which the material we are working on exists
prologue
reconstructed manuscript
Manuscript whose parts are now distributed as separate manuscript parts, so no longer exists as a whole, but can still be identified
scribe
The producer / author / copier of a linguistic object (excluding editions), in the medieval age. The scribe can be named or unnamed
scribe section
Any division within a linguistic object indicated by a scribe
scribe title
Indicates a title that was assigned within the manuscript by a scribe
section
A division of a linguistic object e.g. chapter, verse, for larger-scale reference than when using a content item. These can be nested/numbered
statement
The actual saying, e.g. 'All men are mortal'
transmitter
Person who is described in the text content as having transmitted a content item or other linguistic objects, for example ‘[Transmitter] said that [AttributedAuthor] said … (ContentItem)
appellation
Note for SAWS: we can use Appellation to state a person’s name or other name of interest e.g. of a church
actor
Note for SAWS: we can use Actor to refer to any living being (not necessarily a person, not necessarily still alive) who is identified/named/referred to within a linguistic object, though we may wish to use a more specific class such as Person, AttributedAuthor, Scribe etc.
contact point