ModSci, Modern Science Ontology.
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://w3id.org/skgo/modsci/1.1
imports: core
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-5890
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-3827
contributor: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-2864
issued: 2019-09-01
description: ModSci is a reference ontology for modelling different types of modern sciences and related entities, such as scientific discoveries, renowned scientists, instruments, phenomena ... etc.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Date Modified: 2022-12-18
preferred namespace prefix: modsci
version info: 1.1

Date
type: AnnotationProperty
bibliographic citation: [W3CDTF] http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
comment: Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].
definition: A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.
sub property of: date
range: Literal

Date Modified
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Date on which the resource was changed.
sub property of: Date
range: Literal

discoveredByScientist
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Phenomenon
  union of: Scientific Discovery
domain: Restriction
  on property: discoveredByScientist
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Scientist
range: Scientist
range: Restriction
  on property: discoveredByScientist
  all values from: Scientist

instrument used in Science
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Scientific Instrument
range: Science

Phenomenon
type: Class
comment: A phenomenon, in a scientific context, is something that is observed to occur or to exist.

Acid–base Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: For chemicals that can behave as acids or bases

Acoustics
type: Class
subclass of: ClassicalPhysics
comment: Acoustics is a branch of continuum mechanics and is the study of sound, mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.

Agriculture
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Agriculture, also known as farming, is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals.

Algorithms
type: Class
subclass of: Scientific Method

Analytical Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

Anatomy
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living things.

Anthropology
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present.

Application of science
type: Class
comment: An application of science is any use of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, whether to do more science; to design a product, process, or medical treatment; to develop a new technology; or to predict the impacts of human actions.

Applied Mathematics
type: Class
subclass of: Mathematics
comment: Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains.

Applied and Interdisciplinary Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
subclass of: Physics
comment: Applied physics is intended for a particular technological or practical use.

Applied Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: Applied science is the use or the study of the use of scientific knowledge to develop technology.

Archaeology
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

Architecture
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings.

Artificial Intelligence
type: Class
subclass of: Computer Science
comment: In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".

Astrobiology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Astrobiology, formerly known as exobiology, is an interdisciplinary scientific field concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

Astrochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.

Astrometry
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: Astrometry is the study of the positions, distances between, and motions of astronomical objects.

Astronomical Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Astronomy
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Sciences
comment: is a science involving the observation and explanation of events occurring outside Earth and its atmosphere.

Atmospheric Optical Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Atmospheric Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Atmospheric science is an umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere and its processes.

Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
type: Class
equivalent class: Molecular Physics
subclass of: Physics
comment: Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions; at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.

Automata Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Theory of Computation
comment: Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them.

Automated Reasoning
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Intelligence
comment: Automated reasoning is an area of computer science, cognitive science, and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning.

Behavioural Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world.

Biochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Biochemistry is the chemistry of life.

Biological Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Engineering
comment: Biological engineering, or bioengineering/bio-engineering, is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.

Bioethics
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.

Biogeography
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

Bioinformatics
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Bioinformatics and Computational biology are interdisciplinary fields of research, development and application of algorithms, computational and statistical methods for management and analysis of biological data, and for solving basic biological problems.

Biological Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Sciences
comment: Biology is the science of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms

Biomedical Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic).

Biophysics
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.

Biopsychology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Biological psychology,is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.

Biostatistics
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Biostatistics are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology.

Biotechnology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Biotechnology is a technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, medicine, and genetic engineering.

Botany
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Botany also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

Cell Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life.

Chemical Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Chemical engineering is the application of science, in particular chemistry, fluid physics, and biology, along with mathematics and economics to the human endeavor of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

Chemical Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Sciences
comment: Chemistry is defined as the science of matter, different from physics, in terms of matter's chemical structure, reactivity, properties and reactions or transformations.

Cognitive Science
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.

Colloidal Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches of chemistry, physics, nanoscience and other fields dealing with colloids, heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium.

Communication and Security
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: Communications security is the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessing telecommunications in an intelligible form, while still delivering content to the intended recipients.

Communication
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.

Compiler Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Programming Languages and Compilers
comment: A compiler implements a formal transformation from a high-level source program to a low-level target program.

Computability Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Theory of Computation
comment: Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, of computer science, and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees.

Computational Complexity Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Theory of Computation
comment: Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer.

Computational Linguistics
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.

Computational Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical algorithms in order to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists.

Computer Concurrency
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed systems
comment: In computer science, concurrency is the ability of different parts or units of a program, algorithm, or problem to be executed out-of-order or in partial order, without affecting the final outcome. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems.

Computer Graphics
type: Class
subclass of: Image Processing
comment: Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with the help of specialized graphical hardware and software.
comment: Computer graphics is the study of digital visual contents and involves the synthesis and manipulation of image data.
label: Graphics

Computer Science
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Computer science is the study of processes that interact with data and that can be represented as data in the form of programs.

Computer Security
type: Class
subclass of: Communication and Security
comment: Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

Computer Architecture
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.

Computer Vision
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Intelligence
comment: Computer vision is an interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.

Condensed Matter Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter.

Physical Cosmology
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.

Cryobiology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Cryobiology is the study of living organisms, organs, biological tissues or biological cells at low temperatures.

Cryptography
type: Class
subclass of: Communication and Security
comment: Cryptography or cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries.

Crystallography
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Crystallography is the scientific study of crystals.

Cultural Studies
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the political dynamics of contemporary culture, its historical foundations, defining traits, conflicts, and contingencies.

Cybernetics
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems with feedback, their structures, constraints, and possibilities.

Data Mining
type: Class
subclass of: Databases
comment: Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

Databases
type: Class
subclass of: InformationSystems
comment: Digital databases are managed using database management systems to store, create, maintain, and search data, through database models and query languages.

Dentistry
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Dentistry, also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.

Developmental Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.

Distributed Computing
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed systems
comment: Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another.

Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed systems
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: Systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.

Earth Science
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Sciences
comment: Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences, or the Earth sciences) includes all the sciences related to the planet Earth.

Ecology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and interactions between living things and the physical environment.

Economics
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Education
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Education is the teaching or learning of knowledge, especially to develop the reasoning, judgement and skill required in adult life and professional occupations.

Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Engineering is the practical application of science. This is accomplished through knowledge, mathematics, and practical experience applied to the design of useful objects or processes.

Environmental Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the physical, chemical and biochemical properties and processes of polluting substances in the environment.

Environmental Science
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Environmental science is the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, but with particular attention to the effects of humans on the natural environment.

Epidemiology
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

Ergonomics
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Human factors and ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to the (engineering and) design of products, processes, and systems.

Ethnic Studies
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Ethnic studies, in the United States, is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by the state, by civil society, and by individuals.

Ethnobiology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Ethnobiology is the scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by different human cultures.

Ethnology
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Ethnology is the science that analyzes human cultures and compares them.

Ethology
type: Class
subclass of: Behavioural Sciences
comment: Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.

Evolutionary Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the study of the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

Evolutionary Computation
type: Class
subclass of: Soft Computing
comment: In computer science, evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms.

Evolutionary Psychology
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

Experimental Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.

Extragalactic Astronomy
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: It is the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy.

Food Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods.

Forensics
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

Forestry
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Forestry is the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and related natural resources.

Formal Science
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: Formal sciences are a branch of science studying formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.

Galactic Astronomy
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: The study of everything outside our galaxy, including all other galaxies.

Genetics
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms, as well as the medical practice of diagnosing, treating, and counseling patients with genetic disorders.

Geochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
subclass of: Geology
comment: Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.

Geodesy
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Geodesy is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space and gravitational field.

Geography
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Geography is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets.

Geological Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon
comment: A geological phenomenon is a phenomenon which is explained by or sheds light on the science of geology.

Geological Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: The Geological Sciences examine the physical and chemical processes within Earth and on its surface, including the study of natural resources and risks to habitable areas.

Geology
type: Class
subclass of: Geological Sciences
comment: Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

Geomorphology
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Geomorphology is the science of surface features and landforms including the forces and processes that create them.

Geophysics
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Geophysics the physics of the Earth and its environment in space, and study of earth sciences using quantitative physics methods.

Gerontology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing.

Glaciology
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Green Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for pollutant source reduction; the definition encompasses therefore all aspects of chemical processes that reduce impact on human health and on the environment.

Health
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent.

Health Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: Health sciences are those sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter.

Healthcare
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people.

History of Science
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship).

Human Computer Interaction
type: Class
subclass of: Software Engineering
comment: Human–computer interaction (HCI) researches the design and use of computer technology, focused on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. Researchers in the field of HCI observe the ways in which humans interact with computers and design technologies that let humans interact with computers in novel ways.

Human Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Human science is a term applied to the investigation of human life and activities by a rational, systematic and verifiable methodology that acknowledges the validity of both data derived by impartial observation of sensory experience (objective phenomena) and data derived by means of impartial observation of psychological experience (subjective phenomena).

Hydrology
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

Image Processing
type: Class
subclass of: Computer Science
comment: In computer science, digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.

Immunology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Immunology is the study of the immune system and its reaction to pathogens, as well as its malfunctions (autoimmune diseases, allergies, rejection of organ transplants, immune deficiency).

Industrial Process
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: An industrial process alters materials or substances.

Industry
type: Class
comment: An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy.

Information Science
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Information science is a field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.

Information Visualization
type: Class
subclass of: Computer Graphics
comment: Information visualization or information visualisation is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition.

Inorganic Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Inorganic chemistry is a catch-all discipline that covers everything in chemistry that is not organic chemistry.

Instrument
type: Class
comment: A tool or implement, especially one for precision work.

Interdisciplinary Studies
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).

Laboratory Instrument
type: Class
equivalent class: Scientific Instrument
subclass of: Instrument
comment: An instrument needed for operations in various laboratories, synthesis and analysis.

Library Science
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Library science is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information.

Limnology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of fresh waters, specifically natural and constructed lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers,

Linguistics
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Logic
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Logic is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

Machine Learning
type: Class
subclass of: Soft Computing
comment: Machine learning (ML) is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead.

Marine Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean

Materials Science
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: The interdisciplinary field of materials science is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.

Mathematical and Theoretical Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Mathematical and theoretical biology is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems

Mathematical Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.

Mathematics
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: Mathematics (colloquially, maths, or math), is the body of knowledge centered on concepts such as quantity, structure, space, and change, and also the academic discipline that studies them.

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.

Mechanics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.

Medicinal Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs).

Medicine
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health and restoring it by treating disease and injury; it is both an area of knowledge, a science of body systems and diseases and their treatment, and the applied practice of that knowledge.

Metabolism
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biological Phenomena
comment: Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

Metallurgy
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

Meteorological Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Metrology
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Metrology is the science of measurement.

Military Science
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Military science is the study of military processes, dentsciitutions, and behavior, along with the study of warfare, and the theory and application of organized coercive force.

Science
type: Class
comment: Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Molecular Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.

Molecular Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Molecular physics deals with the physics and chemistry of molecules.

Museology
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Museology or museum studies is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.

Natural language processing (NLP)
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Intelligence
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
subclass of: Linguistics
comment: Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, information engineering, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.

Natural Phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Phenomenon
disjoint with: Social Phenomenon
comment: Natural phenomena include gravity, tides, biological processes and oscillation.

Natural Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: The natural sciences are those branches of empirical science that produce a comprehension of the natural world through the use of data collected from it by observation and measurement to construct deterministic and/or stochastic quantitative models of its phenomena.

Networking
type: Class
subclass of: Communication and Security
comment: A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources.

Neural Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Neural engineering is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.

Neuroscience
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system.

Nuclear Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties.

Nursing
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.

Oceanographic Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Oceanography
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Oceanography also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean.

Operating Systems
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Optics
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

Organic Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Organic chemistry is the study of organic, or carbon based, molecules.

Organometallic Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Organometallic chemistry is the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal.

Paleoclimatology
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Paleoclimatology is the study of climates for which systematic measurements were not taken.

Paleontology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Paleontology is the study of the developing history of life on earth, of ancient plants and animals based on the fossil record, evidence of their existence preserved in rocks.

Palynology
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Palynology is literally the "study of dust" or of "particles that are strewn".

Parallel Computing
type: Class
subclass of: Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed systems
comment: Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously.

Parasitology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Parasitology is the study of parasites in host organisms, including humans (medical parasitology).

Particle Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.

Pharmacology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Pharmacology is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems.

Pharmacy
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs and providing additional clinical services.

Philosophy of Science
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

Photochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry, is the study of the interactions between atoms, small molecules, and light (or electromagnetic radiation).

Phylogeny
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.

Physical Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.

Physical Geography
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Physical geography is a subfield of geography, closely related to geology, that focuses on the spatial characteristics of natural processes, within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere.

Physical Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon

Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Sciences
comment: Physics is the science of the natural world. It deals with matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern the interactions between particles.

Physiology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Physiology is the branch of science that describes the mechanisms of cell, tissue and organ function in organisms.

Planetary Science
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: Planetary science is a broad field of science that studies all planets.

Plasma Physics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Plasma physics is the study of ionized gases.

Political Economy
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth.

Political Science
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.

Programming Language
type: Class
subclass of: Programming Languages and Compilers
comment: A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms.

Programming Language Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Programming Languages and Compilers
comment: Programming language theory (PLT) is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features.

Programming Languages and Compilers
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: Programming languages can be used to accomplish different tasks in different ways.

Psychology
type: Class
subclass of: Behavioural Sciences
comment: Psychology is a collection of academic, clinical and industrial disciplines concerned with the explanation and prediction of behavior, thinking, emotions, motivations, relationships, potentials and pathologies.

Quantum Computing
type: Class
subclass of: Theory of Computation
comment: Quantum computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation. A quantum computer is used to perform such computation, which can be implemented theoretically or physically.

Quantum Mechanics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Quantum mechanics (also called quantum physics or quantum theory) is a physical theory that is believed to be the formalism underlying the description of all physical systems.

Radiation Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Radiobiology is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation.

Radiochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).

Relational Databases
type: Class
subclass of: Databases
comment: A relational database is a digital database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.

Reverse Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: Software Engineering
comment: Reverse engineering, also called back engineering, is the process by which a man-made object is deconstructed to reveal its designs, architecture, or to extract knowledge from the object; similar to scientific research, the only difference being that scientific research is about a natural phenomenon.

Robotics
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Intelligence
comment: Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Science and Technology Studies
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Science and technology studies is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

Science Studies
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts.

Scientific Discovery
type: Class
comment: Scientific Discovery is the process or product of successful scientific inquiry. Objects of discovery can be things, events, processes, causes, and properties as well as theories and hypotheses and their features (their explanatory power, for example).

Scientific Instrument
type: Class
subclass of: Instrument
comment: A scientific instrument is, broadly speaking, a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.
preferred label: Instrument

Scientific Instrument Manufacturer
type: Class
comment: Companies manufacturing equipment for scientific sstudies.

Scientific Method
type: Class
comment: A scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.

Scientific Modelling
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.

Scientific Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: An organization which is created for the purpose of scientific research and development.

Scientist
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: A scientist is someone who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.

Semantics
type: Class
subclass of: Programming Languages and Compilers
comment: In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically valid strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved.

Semiotics
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Semiotics is the study of signs (symbols) and signification systems, or rather semiotics are general theories of signs.

Social Phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Phenomenon
comment: Social phenomena are those that occur or exist through the actions of groups of humans.

Social Psychology
type: Class
subclass of: Behavioural Sciences
comment: Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others.

Social Sciences
type: Class
subclass of: Science
comment: The social sciences are academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology.

Social Work
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Social work is an academic discipline and profession that concerns itself with individuals, families, groups and communities in an effort to enhance social functioning and overall well-being.

Sociobiology
type: Class
subclass of: Behavioural Sciences
subclass of: Biology
comment: Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.

Sociology
type: Class
subclass of: Social Sciences
comment: Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change.

Soft Computing
type: Class
subclass of: Artificial Intelligence
comment: Soft computing, as opposed to traditional computing, deals with approximate models and gives solutions to complex real-life problems. Unlike hard computing, soft computing is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximations.

Software Engineering
type: Class
subclass of: ComputerSoftware
comment: Software engineering is the application of engineering to the development of software in a systematic method.

Soil Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil.

Soil Science
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.

Solid Mechanics
type: Class
subclass of: Physics
comment: Solid mechanics is a mathematical discipline within continuum mechanics, dealing with the mechanical behavior of solid materials.

Solid-State Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Inorganic Chemistry
comment: Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.

Space Science
type: Class
subclass of: Earth Science
comment: Space science encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology.

Sports Science
type: Class
subclass of: Applied Sciences
comment: Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sport and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives.

Statistics
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, displaying, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

Stellar Astronomy
type: Class
subclass of: Astronomy
comment: The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the Universe.

Stereochemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.

Structured Storage
type: Class
subclass of: Databases
comment: Structured storage is computer storage for structured data, often in the form of a distributed database.

Supramolecular Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Materials Science
comment: Supramolecular chemistry is a branch of chemistry that describes self-organization or self-assembly of systems to well-defined molecular architectures.

Surface Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Chemistry
comment: Surface chemistry is the study of chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases

Systems Science
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Systems science is the field of science surrounding systems theory, cybernetics, the science of complex systems.

Technology
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.

Theoretical Biology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Theoretical biology is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems

Theoretical Chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: Chemistry
comment: Theoretical chemistry is the application of theoretical reasoning to chemistry.

Theoretical Linguistics
type: Class
subclass of: Formal Science
comment: Theoretical linguistics, or general linguistics, is the branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is; how it works; how universal grammar (UG) as a domain-specific mental organ operates, if it exists at all; what are its unique properties; how does language relate to other cognitive processes, etc.

Theory of Computation
type: Class
subclass of: TheoreticalComputerScience
comment: Theory of computation is focused on answering fundamental questions about what can be computed and what amount of resources are required to perform those computations.

Thermodynamics
type: Class
subclass of: ClassicalPhysics
comment: Thermodynamics concerns the physics of heat, work, temperature, energy, and entropy.

Toxicology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.

Transdisciplinarity
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.

Type Theory
type: Class
subclass of: Programming Languages and Compilers
comment: In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a type theory is any of a class of formal systems, some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics. In type theory, every "term" has a "type" and operations are restricted to terms of a certain type.

Urban Planning
type: Class
subclass of: Interdisciplinary Studies
comment: Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

Veterinary Medicine
type: Class
subclass of: Health Sciences
comment: Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals.

Volcanology
type: Class
subclass of: Geology
comment: Volcanology is a branch of geology that deals with the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena.

Zoology
type: Class
subclass of: Biology
comment: Zoology is the study of the biology of animals.

Accumulator
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Waldemar Jungner
instrument function desription: Used to store electrical energy

Ammeter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Friedrich Drexler
instrument function desription: Measure strength of electric current in amperes.

Barometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Evangelista Torricelli
instrument function desription: Used to measure atmospheric pressure and conditions

Dynamo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Michael Faraday
instrument function desription: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Galvanometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Johann Schweigger
instrument function desription: Used to reproduce the recorded sound

Movie camera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Discovery
instrument invented by: Thomas Edison
instrument function desription: take a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film.

Phonograph
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument invented by: Thomas Edison
instrument function desription: record the mechanical and reproduction of sound.

Thermometer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientific Instrument
instrument used in Science: Studying biochemical reactions
instrument function desription: measure temperature or a temperature gradient.

Thomas Edison
type: NamedIndividual
type: Scientist
family name: Edison

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