ModSci is a reference ontology for modelling different types of modern sciences and related entities, such as scientific discoveries, renowned scientists, instruments, phenomena ... etc.
ModSci, Modern Science Ontology.
[W3CDTF] http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
A phenomenon, in a scientific context, is something that is observed to occur or to exist.
Phenomenon
For chemicals that can behave as acids or bases
Acoustics is a branch of continuum mechanics and is the study of sound, mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.
Agriculture, also known as farming, is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals.
Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.
Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living things.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present.
An application of science is any use of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, whether to do more science; to design a product, process, or medical treatment; to develop a new technology; or to predict the impacts of human actions.
Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics that concerns itself with the application of mathematical knowledge to other domains.
Applied physics is intended for a particular technological or practical use.
Applied science is the use or the study of the use of scientific knowledge to develop technology.
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings.
In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
Astrobiology, formerly known as exobiology, is an interdisciplinary scientific field concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.
Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.
Astrometry is the study of the positions, distances between, and motions of astronomical objects.
is a science involving the observation and explanation of events occurring outside Earth and its atmosphere.
Atmospheric science is an umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere and its processes.
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter-matter and light-matter interactions; at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts.
Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them.
Automated reasoning is an area of computer science, cognitive science, and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning.
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world.
Biological engineering, or bioengineering/bio-engineering, is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.
Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
Bioinformatics and Computational biology are interdisciplinary fields of research, development and application of algorithms, computational and statistical methods for management and analysis of biological data, and for solving basic biological problems.
Biology is the science of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms
Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic).
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.
Biological psychology,is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.
Biostatistics are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology.
Biotechnology is a technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, medicine, and genetic engineering.
Botany also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life.
Chemical engineering is the application of science, in particular chemistry, fluid physics, and biology, along with mathematics and economics to the human endeavor of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
Chemistry is defined as the science of matter, different from physics, in terms of matter's chemical structure, reactivity, properties and reactions or transformations.
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.
Interface and colloid science is an interdisciplinary intersection of branches of chemistry, physics, nanoscience and other fields dealing with colloids, heterogeneous systems consisting of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium.
Communications security is the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessing telecommunications in an intelligible form, while still delivering content to the intended recipients.
Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
A compiler implements a formal transformation from a high-level source program to a low-level target program.
Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, of computer science, and of the theory of computation that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees.
Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer.
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.
Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical algorithms in order to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists.
In computer science, concurrency is the ability of different parts or units of a program, algorithm, or problem to be executed out-of-order or in partial order, without affecting the final outcome. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems.
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term refers to computer-generated image data created with the help of specialized graphical hardware and software.
Computer graphics is the study of digital visual contents and involves the synthesis and manipulation of image data.
Computer science is the study of processes that interact with data and that can be represented as data in the form of programs.
Computer security, cybersecurity or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems from the theft of or damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.
Computer vision is an interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos.
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter.
Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.
Cryobiology is the study of living organisms, organs, biological tissues or biological cells at low temperatures.
Cryptography or cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries.
Crystallography is the scientific study of crystals.
Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the political dynamics of contemporary culture, its historical foundations, defining traits, conflicts, and contingencies.
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems with feedback, their structures, constraints, and possibilities.
Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.
Digital databases are managed using database management systems to store, create, maintain, and search data, through database models and query languages.
Dentistry, also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another.
Systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.
Concurrent, Parallel, and Distributed systems
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences, or the Earth sciences) includes all the sciences related to the planet Earth.
Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and interactions between living things and the physical environment.
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Education is the teaching or learning of knowledge, especially to develop the reasoning, judgement and skill required in adult life and professional occupations.
Engineering is the practical application of science. This is accomplished through knowledge, mathematics, and practical experience applied to the design of useful objects or processes.
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the physical, chemical and biochemical properties and processes of polluting substances in the environment.
Environmental science is the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, but with particular attention to the effects of humans on the natural environment.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
Human factors and ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to the (engineering and) design of products, processes, and systems.
Ethnic studies, in the United States, is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by the state, by civil society, and by individuals.
Ethnobiology is the scientific study of the way living things are treated or used by different human cultures.
Ethnology is the science that analyzes human cultures and compares them.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the study of the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
In computer science, evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms.
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.
It is the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy.
Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods.
Forensic science, also known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.
Forestry is the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and related natural resources.
Formal sciences are a branch of science studying formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.
The study of everything outside our galaxy, including all other galaxies.
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms, as well as the medical practice of diagnosing, treating, and counseling patients with genetic disorders.
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
Geodesy is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space and gravitational field.
Geography is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets.
A geological phenomenon is a phenomenon which is explained by or sheds light on the science of geology.
The Geological Sciences examine the physical and chemical processes within Earth and on its surface, including the study of natural resources and risks to habitable areas.
Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
Geomorphology is the science of surface features and landforms including the forces and processes that create them.
Geophysics the physics of the Earth and its environment in space, and study of earth sciences using quantitative physics methods.
Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing.
Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Green chemistry is the use of chemistry for pollutant source reduction; the definition encompasses therefore all aspects of chemical processes that reduce impact on human health and on the environment.
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent.
Health sciences are those sciences which focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter.
Healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people.
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences (the history of the arts and humanities is termed history of scholarship).
Human–computer interaction (HCI) researches the design and use of computer technology, focused on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. Researchers in the field of HCI observe the ways in which humans interact with computers and design technologies that let humans interact with computers in novel ways.
Human science is a term applied to the investigation of human life and activities by a rational, systematic and verifiable methodology that acknowledges the validity of both data derived by impartial observation of sensory experience (objective phenomena) and data derived by means of impartial observation of psychological experience (subjective phenomena).
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
In computer science, digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and its reaction to pathogens, as well as its malfunctions (autoimmune diseases, allergies, rejection of organ transplants, immune deficiency).
An industrial process alters materials or substances.
An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy.
Information science is a field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.
Information visualization or information visualisation is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition.
Inorganic chemistry is a catch-all discipline that covers everything in chemistry that is not organic chemistry.
A tool or implement, especially one for precision work.
Instrument
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).
An instrument needed for operations in various laboratories, synthesis and analysis.
Laboratory Instrument
Library science is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information.
Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of fresh waters, specifically natural and constructed lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers,
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Logic is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.
Machine learning (ML) is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead.
Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean
The interdisciplinary field of materials science is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.
Mathematical and theoretical biology is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.
Mathematics (colloquially, maths, or math), is the body of knowledge centered on concepts such as quantity, structure, space, and change, and also the academic discipline that studies them.
Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.
Mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs).
Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with maintaining human health and restoring it by treating disease and injury; it is both an area of knowledge, a science of body systems and diseases and their treatment, and the applied practice of that knowledge.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.
Metrology is the science of measurement.
Military science is the study of military processes, dentsciitutions, and behavior, along with the study of warfare, and the theory and application of organized coercive force.
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
Molecular physics deals with the physics and chemistry of molecules.
Museology or museum studies is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, information engineering, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.
Natural phenomena include gravity, tides, biological processes and oscillation.
Natural Phenomenon
The natural sciences are those branches of empirical science that produce a comprehension of the natural world through the use of data collected from it by observation and measurement to construct deterministic and/or stochastic quantitative models of its phenomena.
A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources.
Neural engineering is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.
Neuroscience is a field of study which deals with the structure, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology and pathology of the nervous system.
Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties.
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.
Oceanography also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
Organic chemistry is the study of organic, or carbon based, molecules.
Organometallic chemistry is the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal.
Paleoclimatology is the study of climates for which systematic measurements were not taken.
Paleontology is the study of the developing history of life on earth, of ancient plants and animals based on the fossil record, evidence of their existence preserved in rocks.
Palynology is literally the "study of dust" or of "particles that are strewn".
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously.
Parasitology is the study of parasites in host organisms, including humans (medical parasitology).
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
Pharmacology is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems.
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs and providing additional clinical services.
Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry, is the study of the interactions between atoms, small molecules, and light (or electromagnetic radiation).
Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
Physical geography is a subfield of geography, closely related to geology, that focuses on the spatial characteristics of natural processes, within the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere.
Physics is the science of the natural world. It deals with matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern the interactions between particles.
Physiology is the branch of science that describes the mechanisms of cell, tissue and organ function in organisms.
Planetary science is a broad field of science that studies all planets.
Plasma physics is the study of ionized gases.
Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth.
Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.
A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms.
Programming language theory (PLT) is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features.
Programming languages can be used to accomplish different tasks in different ways.
Psychology is a collection of academic, clinical and industrial disciplines concerned with the explanation and prediction of behavior, thinking, emotions, motivations, relationships, potentials and pathologies.
Quantum computing is the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation. A quantum computer is used to perform such computation, which can be implemented theoretically or physically.
Quantum mechanics (also called quantum physics or quantum theory) is a physical theory that is believed to be the formalism underlying the description of all physical systems.
Radiobiology is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation.
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
A relational database is a digital database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.
Reverse engineering, also called back engineering, is the process by which a man-made object is deconstructed to reveal its designs, architecture, or to extract knowledge from the object; similar to scientific research, the only difference being that scientific research is about a natural phenomenon.
Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
Science and technology studies is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts.
Scientific Discovery is the process or product of successful scientific inquiry. Objects of discovery can be things, events, processes, causes, and properties as well as theories and hypotheses and their features (their explanatory power, for example).
A scientific instrument is, broadly speaking, a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.
Companies manufacturing equipment for scientific sstudies.
A scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.
Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.
An organization which is created for the purpose of scientific research and development.
Scientific Organization
A scientist is someone who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest.
Scientist
In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically valid strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved.
Semiotics is the study of signs (symbols) and signification systems, or rather semiotics are general theories of signs.
Social phenomena are those that occur or exist through the actions of groups of humans.
Social Phenomenon
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others.
The social sciences are academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology.
Social work is an academic discipline and profession that concerns itself with individuals, families, groups and communities in an effort to enhance social functioning and overall well-being.
Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.
Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change.
Soft computing, as opposed to traditional computing, deals with approximate models and gives solutions to complex real-life problems. Unlike hard computing, soft computing is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximations.
Software engineering is the application of engineering to the development of software in a systematic method.
Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil.
Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.
Solid mechanics is a mathematical discipline within continuum mechanics, dealing with the mechanical behavior of solid materials.
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.
Space science encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology.
Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sport and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives.
Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, displaying, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the Universe.
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.
Structured storage is computer storage for structured data, often in the form of a distributed database.
Supramolecular chemistry is a branch of chemistry that describes self-organization or self-assembly of systems to well-defined molecular architectures.
Surface chemistry is the study of chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
Systems science is the field of science surrounding systems theory, cybernetics, the science of complex systems.
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.
Theoretical biology is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems
Theoretical chemistry is the application of theoretical reasoning to chemistry.
Theoretical linguistics, or general linguistics, is the branch of linguistics which inquires into the nature of language itself and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is; how it works; how universal grammar (UG) as a domain-specific mental organ operates, if it exists at all; what are its unique properties; how does language relate to other cognitive processes, etc.
Theory of computation is focused on answering fundamental questions about what can be computed and what amount of resources are required to perform those computations.
Thermodynamics concerns the physics of heat, work, temperature, energy, and entropy.
Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Transdisciplinarity connotes a research strategy that crosses many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic approach.
In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a type theory is any of a class of formal systems, some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics. In type theory, every "term" has a "type" and operations are restricted to terms of a certain type.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals.
Volcanology is a branch of geology that deals with the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena.
Zoology is the study of the biology of animals.
Measure strength of electric current in amperes.
Used to measure atmospheric pressure and conditions
Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
take a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film.
record the mechanical and reproduction of sound.
measure temperature or a temperature gradient.
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.