A vocabulary for exposing IEEE LOM metadata as Linked Open Data
type: Ontology
version info: 1.0
issued: 2014-05-20
modified: 2015-03-30
rights: Copyright © 2015 University of Alcala, Information Engineering (IE) research unit (http://www.ieru.org/)
creator: Enayat Rajabi (enayat.rajabi@uah.es)
publisher: University of Alcala (www.uah.es)
comment: -Version 1.0: covers a complete mapping of IEEE LOM to Linked Open Data
description: An ontology and vocabulary used for exposing IEEE LOM, a metadata standard for educational contents, as Linked Data. It is intended as a bridge for linkage of educational metadata into Linked Open Data (LOD). In this ontology, we designed a mapping of IEEE LOM elements to RDF based on Linked Data principles.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

annotation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Comments on the educational use of a learning object, containing information on when and by whom the comments were created. This category enables educators to share their assessments of learning objects, suggestions for use, etc. IEEE LOM element 8.
range: Annotation

annotationDate
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Date that this annotation was created. IEEE LOM element 8.2.
domain: Annotation
range: DateTime

annotationEntity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Entity (i.e., people, organization) that created this annotation. IEEE LOM element 8.1.
domain: Annotation
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
type: NamedIndividual
type: Thing

classification
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Description of where a learning object falls within a particular classification system. IEEE LOM element 9.
range: Classification

classificationKeyword
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Keywords and phrases descriptive of the learning object relative to the stated 9.1:Classification.Purpose of this specific classification, such as accessibility, security level, etc., most relevant first. IEEE LOM element 9.4
domain: Classification

classificationTaxon
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A particular term within a taxonomy which serves to classify a learning object. IEEE LOM element 9.2.2.
range: Taxon
domain: TaxonPath

contributionDateTime
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The date of the contribution. IEEE LOM element 3.2.3.
domain: Contribution
range: DateTime

contributionEntity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The identification of and information about entities (i.e., people, organizations) contributing to this learning object. The entities shall be ordered as most relevant first. IEEE LOM element 3.2.2.
domain: Contribution
range: VCard

coverage
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The time, culture, geography or region to which this learning object applies. The extent or scope of the content of the learning object. Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges. IEEE LOM element 1.6.
domain: LearningObject

description
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Comments on how this learning object is to be used. IEEE LOM element 5.10
comment: A textual description of the content of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 1.4.
domain: LearningObject

educational
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This category describes the key educational or pedagogic characteristics of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 5.
range: Educational
domain: LearningObject

educationalTypicalAgeRange
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Age of the typical intended user. IEEE LOM element 5.7.
domain: Educational

hasRelatedResource
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The target learning object that a relationship references. IEEE LOM element 7.2.
range: Identifier
domain: Relation

hasResourceIdentifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A globally unique label that identifies the target learning object. IEEE LOM element 7.2.1.
range: Identifier

identifier
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This predicate represents the fact that a learning object has a label that identifies it. IEEE LOM element 1.1.
range: Identifier
domain: LearningObject

includesSingleLangString
type: ObjectProperty
comment: LangString values may include multiple semantically equivalent character strings, such as translations or alternative descriptions. Each of these is represented by a singleLangString.
range: LangString

isCompositeOf
type: ObjectProperty
comment: When grouping multiple requirements, the composite requirement is satisfied when one of the component requirements is satisfied, i.e., the logical connector is OR. IEEE LOM element 4.4.1.
range: SingleTechnicalRequirement
domain: TechnicalRequirement

keyword
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A keyword or phrase describing the topic of this learning object. This data element should not be used for characteristics that can be described by other data elements. IEEE LOM element 1.5.
domain: LearningObject

metaMetadataContribution
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Those entities (i.e., people, organizations) that have contributed to the state of this learning object during its life cycle (e.g.,creation, edits, publication).
domain: LearningObject
range: LifeCycleContribution

metaMetadataIdentifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A globally unique label that identifies this metadata record. IEEE LOM element 3.1.
range: Identifier
domain: LearningObject

relation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relationship between a learning object and other learning objects, if any.
range: Relation

taxonPath
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A taxonomic path in a specific classification system according to which a learning object is classified. IEEE LOM element 9.2.
domain: Classification
range: TaxonPath

technicalRequirements
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A technical capability necessary for using a learning object. IEEE LOM Element "4.4. Requirement".
range: TechnicalRequirement

aggregationLevel
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The functional granularity of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 1.8.
domain: LearningObject
range: Datatype
  one of: 1
  one of: 2
  one of: 3
  one of: 4

classificationPurpose
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The purpose of classifying a learning object. IEEE LOM element 9.1.
domain: Classification
range: Datatype
  one of: accessibility
  one of: competency
  one of: discipline
  one of: educational level
  one of: educational objective
  one of: idea
  one of: prerequisite
  one of: restrictions
  one of: security level
  one of: skill level

copyrightAndOtherRestrictions
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Whether copyright or other restrictions apply to the use of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 6.2.
range: boolean

cost
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Whether use of the learning object requires payment. IEEE LOM element 6.1.
range: boolean

dateTimeValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Date time value in format: YYYY[-MM[-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss[.s[TZD]]]]]]]
domain: DateTime
range: dateTime

educationalContext
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The principal environment within which the learning and use of this learning object is intended to take place. IEEE LOM element 5.6.
domain: Educational
range: Literal
range: short
range: Datatype
  one of: higher education
  one of: other
  one of: school
  one of: training

educationalDifficulty
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: How hard it is to work with or through this learning object for the typical intended target audience. IEEE LOM element 5.8
domain: Educational
range: Datatype
  one of: difficult
  one of: easy
  one of: medium
  one of: very difficult
  one of: very easy

educationalIntendedUserRole
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Principal user(s) for which this learning object was designed, most dominant first. IEEE LOM element 5.5.
domain: Educational
range: Datatype
  one of: author
  one of: learner
  one of: manager
  one of: teacher

educationalInteractivityLevel
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The degree of interactivity characterizing this learning object. Interactivity in this context refers to the degree to which the learner can influence the aspect or behavior of the learning object. IEEE LOM element 5.3.
domain: Educational
range: Datatype
  one of: high
  one of: low
  one of: medium
  one of: very high
  one of: very low

educationalInteractivityType
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Predominant mode of learning supported by this learning object. IEEE LOM element 5.1.
domain: Educational
range: Datatype
  one of: active
  one of: expositive
  one of: mised

educationalLanguage
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The primary human language or languages used within this learning object to communicate to the intended user. If the learning object had no lingual content (as in the case of a picture of the Mona Lisa, for example), then the appropriate value for this data element would be "none". IEEE LOM element 1.3.
domain: LearningObject
range: Datatype
  one of: ba
  one of: ca
  one of: es
  one of: ga
  one of: none

educationalSemanticDensity
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The degree of conciseness of a learning object. The semantic density of a learning object may be estimated in terms of its size, span, or --in the case of self-timed resources such as audio or video-- duration. IEEE LOM element 5.4.
domain: Educational
range: string
range: Datatype
  one of: higherEducation
  one of: other
  one of: school
  one of: training
range: Datatype
  one of: high
  one of: low
  one of: medium
  one of: very high
  one of: very low

email
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Email as it appears in the vCard
domain: VCard
range: string

hasTechnicalFormat
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Technical datatype(s) of (all the components of) this learning object. This information is used to identify the software needed to access the learning object. IEEE LOM element 4.1.
domain: LearningObject
range: string

hasValue
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: This predicate relates a singleLangString to the character string containing its textual description.
range: string

identifierCatalog
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: This predicate relates a lomIdentifier to the name or designator of the identification or cataloging scheme used for its identification. It is usually a namespace scheme. IEEE LOM element 1.1, 3.1, 7.2.1.
domain: Identifier
range: string

identifierEntry
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
comment: This predicate relates a lomIdentifier to the value of the identifier within the identification or cataloging scheme that designates or identifies a learning object or a learning object metadata record (a namespace specific string). IEEE LOM element 1.1, 3.1, 7.2.1.
domain: Identifier
range: string

lifeCycleContributionRole
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Kind of contribution. IEEE LOM element 2.3.1.
domain: LifeCycleContribution
range: Datatype
  one of: author
  one of: content provider
  one of: editor
  one of: educational validator
  one of: graphical designer
  one of: initiator
  one of: instructional designer
  one of: publisher
  one of: script writer
  one of: subject matter expert
  one of: technical implementer
  one of: technical validator
  one of: terminator
  one of: unknown
  one of: validator

lifeCycleStatus
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The completion status or condition of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 2.2
domain: LearningObject
range: Datatype
  one of: draft
  one of: final
  one of: revised
  one of: unavalaible

metaMetadataContributionRole
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Kind of contribution. IEEE LOM element 3.2.1.
domain: MetaMetadataContribution
range: string

metaMetadataLanguage
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Language of this metadata instance. This is the default language for all LangString values in this metadata instance. If a value for this data element is not present in a metadata instance, then there is no default language for LangString values. IEEE LOM element 3.4.
domain: LearningObject
range: Datatype
  one of: ba
  one of: ca
  one of: es
  one of: ga

metadataSchema
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The name and version of the authoritative specification used to create this metadata instance. IEEE LOM element 3.3.
domain: LearningObject
range: string

orCompositeMaximumVersion
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Highest possible version of the required technology to use the learning object. IEEE LOM element 4.4.1.4.
domain: SingleTechnicalRequirement
range: string

orCompositeMinimumVersion
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Lowest possible version of the required technology to use the learning object. IEEE LOM element 4.4.1.3.
domain: SingleTechnicalRequirement
range: string

orCompositeName
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Name of the required technology to use a learning object. IEEE LOM element 4.4.1.2.
domain: SingleTechnicalRequirement
range: string

orCompositeType
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The technology required to use this learning object, e.g., hardware, software, network, etc. IEEE LOM element 4.4.1.1.
domain: SingleTechnicalRequirement
range: Datatype
  one of: browser
  one of: operating system

relationKind
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Nature of the relationship between a learning object and the target learning object, identified by 7.2:Relation.Resource. IEEE LOM element 7.1.
domain: Relation
range: Datatype
  one of: hasFormat
  one of: hasPart
  one of: hasVersion
  one of: isBasedOn
  one of: isBasisFor
  one of: isFormatOf
  one of: isPartOf
  one of: isReferencedBy
  one of: isRequiredBy
  one of: isVersionOf
  one of: references
  one of: requires

structure
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Underlying organizational structure of this learning object. IEEE LOM element 1.7.
domain: LearningObject
range: Datatype
  one of: atomic
  one of: collection
  one of: hierarchical
  one of: linear
  one of: networked

taxonId
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The identifier of the taxon, such as a number or letter combination provided by the source of the taxonomy. IEEE LOM element 9.2.2.1.
domain: Taxon
range: string

technicalLocation
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A string that is used to access this learning object. It may be a location (e.g., Universal Resource Locator), or a method that resolves to a location (e.g., Universal Resource Identifier). The first element of this list shall be the preferable location. IEEE LOM element 4.3.
domain: LearningObject
range: string

technicalSize
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The size of the digital learning object in bytes (not Mbytes, GB, etc.). The size is represented as a decimal value. This data element shall refer to the actual size of this learning object. If the learning object is compressed, then this data element shall refer to the uncompressed size. IEEE LOM element 4.2.
domain: LearningObject
range: string

Annotation
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeDescription
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: annotationEntity
  on class: VCard
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: annotationDescription
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeValue
  cardinality: 1
comment: Comments on the educational use of a learning object, including information on when and by whom the comments were created.

Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: taxonPath
  on class: TaxonPath
  max qualified cardinality: 15
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: classificationKeyword
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 40
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: classificationPurpose
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: classificationDescription
  some values from: Literal
comment: Description of where a learning object falls within a particular classification system. To define multiple classifications, there may be multiple instances of this category for a learning object.

Contribution
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: Those entities (i.e., people, organizations) that have contributed to the state of this learning object during its life cycle (e.g., creation, edits, publication).

DateTime
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeValue
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: dateTime
comment: A point in time with accuracy at least as small as one second, as described by IEEE LOM in clause 8 (IEEE 1484.12.1-2002).

Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: durationValue
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: XMLLiteral
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: durationDescription
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: XMLLiteral
comment: An interval in time with accuracy at least as small as one second.

Educational
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalContext
  max cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalSemanticDensity
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalInteractivityType
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalTypicalLearningTime
  on class: Duration
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalIntendedUserRole
  max cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalInteractivityLevel
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalLanguage
  max cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalTypicalAgeRange
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 5
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educationalDifficulty
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: description
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 10

Identifier
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifierCatalog
  cardinality: 1
comment: A globally unique label that identifies either a learning object or a learning object metadata record.

LangString
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasValue
  some values from: Literal
comment: Each of the possible semantically equivalent character strings of a langString.

LearningObject
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: technicalLocation
  max cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: annotation
  on class: Annotation
  max qualified cardinality: 30
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: description
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: lifeCycleStatus
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: metadataSchema
  max cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: technicalSize
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: classification
  on class: Classification
  max qualified cardinality: 40
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: metaMetadataLanguage
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: structure
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: keyword
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: technicalRequirements
  on class: TechnicalRequirement
  max qualified cardinality: 40
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: lifeCycleVersion
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: metaMetadataContribution
  on class: MetaMetadataContribution
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: lifeCycleContribution
  on class: LifeCycleContribution
  max qualified cardinality: 30
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: educational
  on class: Educational
  max qualified cardinality: 100
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: copyrightAndOtherRestrictions
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: boolean
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cost
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on data range: boolean
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: technicalInstallationRemarks
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: aggregationLevel
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relation
  on class: Relation
  max qualified cardinality: 100
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifier
  on class: Identifier
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: technicalDuration
  on class: Duration
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: metaMetadataIdentifier
  on class: Identifier
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: otherPlatformRequirements
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: coverage
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 10
comment: Learning Object

LifeCycleContribution
type: Class
subclass of: Contribution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: lifeCycleContributionRole
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeDescription
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeValue
  cardinality: 1

MetaMetadataContribution
type: Class
subclass of: Contribution
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeDescription
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: metaMetadataContributionRole
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: dateTimeValue
  cardinality: 1

Relation
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relatedResourceDescription
  on class: LangString
  max qualified cardinality: 10
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relationKind
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: identifier
  on class: Identifier
  max qualified cardinality: 10
comment: A concept which defines the relationship between a learning object and other learning objects, if any.

SingleTechnicalRequirement
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: orCompositeMaximumVersion
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: orCompositeType
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: orCompositeName
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: orCompositeMinimumVersion
  max cardinality: 1
comment: A technical capability necessary for using a learning object.

Taxon
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: taxonEntry
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: taxonId
  cardinality: 1
comment: A particular term within a taxonomy. A taxon is a node that has a defined label or term. A taxon may also have an alphanumeric designation or identifier for standardized reference. Either or both the label and the entry may be used to designate a particular taxon. An ordered list of taxons creates a taxonomic path, i.e., "taxonomic stairway": this is a path from a more general to more specific entry in a classification.

TaxonPath
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: taxonpathSource
  some values from: Literal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: classificationTaxon
  on class: Taxon
  max qualified cardinality: 15
comment: A taxonomic path in a specific classification system. Each succeeding level is a refinement in the definition of the preceding level. There may be different paths, in the same or different classifications, which describe the same characteristic.

TechnicalRequirement
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isCompositeOf
  on class: SingleTechnicalRequirement
  max qualified cardinality: 40
comment: The technical capabilities necessary for using a learning object. There can be multiple requirements, in which case all are required, i.e., the logical connector is AND.

VCard
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: A vCard is a collection of one or more properties. A property is a uniquely named value. A set of properties can be grouped within a vCard. For example, the properties for a telephone number and comment can be grouped in order to preserve the coupling of the annotation with the telephone number. In addition to property groupings, a vC. versit is developing a comprehensive family of PDI technologies based on open specifications and interoperability agreements to help meet this technology need.