Place (ICON)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An identified setting, e.g. the city of Bologna, which is recognized as a Level 2 subject. The recognition of a generic city is formally represented by the Natural Element class (level 1).
subclass of: Iconographical Subject
related: E89 Propositional Object

Attitude
type: Class
comment: Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered an Attitude
subclass of: Cultural Phenomenon

Allegory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An Allegory is a cohese combination of images that represent either symbols of personifications. Allegories are recognized in the context of iconographical recognition; their recognition can be included in an Iconographical Description. This definition of Allegory has been taken from Panofsky's Studies in Iconology (1939). Nevertheless, also a story can have a symbolical meaning. In this case, it is suggested to associate a Story to the images describing its content, an allegory to the images describing the story and the symbolical meaning associated to it. E.g.: the fall of Phaeton was generally considered as an allegory of the fate of every temerarius (Panofsky 1939, p. 218). Therefore, the image identifying Phaeton is linked both to the Allegory and to the Story.
subclass of: Invenzione
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Personification (ICON)
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Symbol
broad match: E1 CRM Entity

Preiconographical Description
type: Class
comment: A Pre-iconographical description is the enumeration of the Pre-Iconographical Recognitions of a certain work of art, performed by one or more agents. It is thus a collection of triples constituting the documentation of the interpretation at level 1. The term and its definition is taken from Panofsky's Studies in Iconology (1939).
subclass of: Interpretation Description
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: Formal Motif Recognition
    union of: Preiconographical Recognition
  on property: P70 documents
deprecated: from version 1.1

Has Rec Attribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation identifies objects belonging to the level 1 as fundamental for the recognition of a certain subject. It is suggested that the Artistic Motif of the object is included in the Composition corresponding to the subject.
domain: Image
range: Artistic Motif
inverse of: Is Rec Attribute Of

Is Copied Motif Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasCopiedMotif
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Formal Motif Recognition

Artwork
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: The artwork is a visual representation that may be relevant from an iconographical or an iconological point of view, carried by a physical cultural object (dul:InformationRealization) usually created by a person.
subclass of: InformationObject
broad match: E36 Visual Item

Is Recogn Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognizedInvenzione
domain: Invenzione
range: Iconographical Recognition
inverse of: Recognized Invenzione

Event
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An Event is an action that is depicted as subject by an artwork. It differs from the first level Action since it requires deeper interpretation to be identified. For example, the act of hurling the Trident (Action) held by Neptune in some iconographies is interpreted as the act of calming the storm (Event) provoked by Juno in Virgil's Aeneid book 1. Furthermore, an Event is linked to a icon:Image, and not to a icon:Artistic Motif. This class includes also events having a proper identity, such as historical events (e.g. the Battle of Cascina).
subclass of: Iconographical Subject
related: E89 Propositional Object

Formal Motif Recognition
type: Class
comment: The act of recognizing that subjects depicted by different artworks has the same formal motifs although the content represented may be different. The need of the usage of this class emerged from a bottom-up approach, rather than Panofsky's theory. It describes that certain subjects are prototypes of others, including preliminary drawings, but also cases in which another artist copied only the composition or gestures from another artwork. This recognition can link every specific part of a representation to the specific prototypes. The relation is between level 1 objects, i.e. Artistic Motifs and Composition, since it describes a formal aspect. Example of usage: if Hercules carrying the Boar is the prototype for a Christ carrying a deer, symbol of the human souls, it's possible to relate directly the boar represented in the former artwork to the deer represented in the latter.
subclass of: Recognition
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Artistic Motif
    on property: Has Prototypical Motif
    qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Composition
    on property: Has Prototypical Motif
    qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Artistic Motif
    on property: Has Copied Motif
    qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Composition
    on property: Has Copied Motif
    qualified cardinality: 1

Recognized Artistic Motif
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates the Artistic Motif to the Pre-iconographical Recognition that recognizes it at the first level of interpretation.
domain: Preiconographical Recognition
range: Artistic Motif
sub property of: Recognized Visual Subject
broad match: P141 assigned

Has Named Object
type: ObjectProperty
type: NamedIndividual
comment: This relation links an image to the Named Object depicted
domain: Image
range: Named Object
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Named Object Of
broad match: P138 represents

Cultural Phenomenon
type: Class
comment: The cultural phenomenon entity expresses the cultural, social and historical aspects of which the work of art can be document. The iconographical evolution of subjects can have a cultural meaning as well. Also the personal characteristics of the artist, or of the patron, can be involved (Wittkower, Van Straten). The cultural phenomena are the object of investigation of an iconological interpretation (Van Straten, 2012, p. 12), which is considered, in the current work, a level 3 interpretation.
subclass of: This class represents all the iconological subjects of an artwork recognized through an intrinstic meaning

Iconographical Recognition
type: Class
comment: A Iconographical Recognition is a n-ary relationship class that links the artwork described (and, if available, the Artistic Motifs recognized at the previous level along with their compositions) to the Images recognized, or directly to the Invenzione that results from the grouping of the subject depicted by each single image. The N-ary structure is necessary in order to include relevant additional information concerning the visual interpretation claimed.
subclass of: Recognition
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Image
    on property: Recognized Image
    qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Invenzione
    on property: Recognized Invenzione
    qualified cardinality: 1

is compliant with pre-iconographical recognition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse of pre-iconographically complies with
domain: Interpretation Description
range: Class
  union of: Formal Motif Recognition
  union of: Preiconographical Recognition
sub property of: isSatisfiedBy
inverse of: pre-iconographically complies with

Composed Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This Property links an invenzione with its components, which may vary from Characters, Events, Named Objects, Places to Personifications, Symbols according to the kind of Invenzione is being described.
domain: Invenzione
range: Class
  union of: Character
  union of: Event
  union of: Named Object
  union of: Personification (ICON)
  union of: Place (ICON)
  union of: Symbol
inverse of: Takes part in

Has Copied Motif
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates to the act of Formal Motif Recognition the Artistic Motif representing the copied visual pattern. To be used when it is affirmed that a specific feature has as a prototype the same feature of a specific visual item.
domain: Formal Motif Recognition
range: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
inverse of: Is Copied Motif Of
broad match: K4 is visual prototype of

Is Recognized Composition Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognizedComposition
domain: Composition
range: Preiconographical Recognition
inverse of: Recognized Composition

Recognized Genre
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is substituted by the the solution adopted by linked.art using crm:P2_has_type as follows: <subject>, crm:P2_has_type, <specific style term>. <specific style term> crm:P2_has_type, <http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300015646> # the AAT term indicating the concept of style.
domain: Recognition
range: Art Genre
sub property of: P141 assigned
deprecated: since new version 25/03

Iconographically Depicts
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artwork to the element of the second level of interpretation (iconographical) which it depicts. This elements can be Characters, Symbols, Personifications, Places, Stories, Allegories (and the element these stories and allegories are composed of). Example: There is an IconographicalRecognition of Artwork1 of Image1, which is linked to the character Thor through the hasCharacter property. Then Artwork1 iconographicallyDepicts Thor. Example2: There is an IconographicalRecognition of Artwork1 of Story1, which is the story of the death of Julius C. This story is composed by the Place Rome and the character Julius C. (and more...) Then Artwork1 IconographicallyDepicts the story of the death of Julius C., Julius C., and the city of Rome. This link can be created automatically through inference thanks to the super property chain, or it can be written by users who are not planning of including contextual information to the interpretation.
property chain axiom: Has Recognition
property chain axiom: Recognized Image
property chain axiom: Has Character
property chain axiom: Has Named Object
property chain axiom: Has Personification
property chain axiom: Has Place
property chain axiom: Has Symbol
property chain axiom: Recognized Invenzione
property chain axiom: Composed Of
property chain axiom: Has Event

Visual Subject
type: Class
comment: A visual subject is the representation of the subject in specific artwork, in contrast with the arco:Subject which is used to define a general subject which can be shared by multiple artworks. For example, the image representing Christ in the Last Supper is a visual Subject because it is intended as only that representation for that specific artwork. The character referred by that image (Christ) would be an arco:Subject, and it can shared by all the artworks that have a specific image that refers to Christ.

Artistic Motif
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An ArtisticMotif is the output of a Pre Iconographic Recognition. It is a N-ary relationship class linking the physical unique representation depicted in an artwork to the corresponding real world meaning recognized. Each artistic motif describes exactly one meaning among: Natural Element, Action, Expression Quality. Qualities (e.g. colors) can be expressed. The N-ary structure allow first of all to maintain the distinction between the particular representation belonging to the artwork considered and the general meaning of which the representation is an expression. Furthermore, it allows to carefully describe in detail what is represented in the visual representation, since it gives the chance to identify uniquely details of objects and iconographies.
subclass of: Visual Subject
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Preiconographical Recognition
  on property: Is Recognized Artistic Motif Of
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Expressional Quality
    on property: Has Expressional Meaning
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Class
      union of: Action (ICON)
      union of: Natural Element
    on property: Has Factual Meaning
broad match: E36 Visual Item

associated Material
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artistic motif or an image to one of the (recognized) materials of the element that are recognized in those artistic motifs or images. For instance, expressing that the artistic motif representing a crown in a portrait denotes also that the crown is made of bronze. Or that the image of the Thor's Hammer is denoting that the hammer is made of steel.
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Image
range: Material
sub property of: hasQuality
broad match: Property:P186

Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A Composition is a jointly of ArtisticMotif having a meaning. It can be recognized as corresponding to the same image at the second level or interpretation, or can explicit groupings of level 1 elements that the descriptor considers significant. Its is suggested to express the level 1 elements involved every time that there is an action (e.g. the action "lifting" in the context of "man lifting a woman" should be grouped in a composition including the artistic motifs corresponding respectively to "man", "woman, "lifting")
subclass of: Visual Subject
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Preiconographical Recognition
  on property: Is Recognized Composition Of
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Artistic Motif
  on property: hasPart
broad match: E36 Visual Item

Is Named Object Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasNamedObject
domain: Named Object
range: Image

Is Intrinsic Meaning Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognized intrinsic meaning
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Iconological Recognition
inverse of: Recognized Intrinsic Meaning

Iconologically Represents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artwork to the element of the third level of interpretation (iconological) which it represents. This elements can be Cultural Phenomena, Social Objects (abstract concepts). Example: There is an IconologicalRecognition of Artwork1 of IntrinsicMeaning1, which is linked to the cultural phenomenon of ImitationOfClassics Then Artwork1 iconologicallyRepresents ImitationOfClassics. Example2: There is an IconologicalRecognition of Artwork1 of IntrinsicMeaning2, which is linked to the social object "Absurdity" (and to other elements from other levels that suppor this claim...) Then Artwork1 IconologicallyRepresents Absurdity This link can be created automatically through inference thanks to the super property chain, or it can be written by users who are not planning of including contextual information to the interpretation.
property chain axiom: Has Recognition
property chain axiom: Recognized Intrinsic Meaning
property chain axiom: Recognized Cultural Phenomenon
property chain axiom: Recognized Concept

Character
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A Character is a real or imaginary being identifiable as a subject in the Iconographical Analysis (level 2 of interpretation)
subclass of: Iconographical Subject
narrow match: Character

Is artistic motif of
type: FunctionalProperty
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of has artistic motif
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Intrinsic Meaning

Intrinsic Meaning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: N-ary relatioship class linking the identified cultural phenomenon or deeper meaning to the whole artwork or to the specific part of its representation and to the interpretation that identifies it. From a theoretical point of view, it corresponds to the manifestation in the specific artwork of the concepts and cultural phenomena identified by the iconological analysis. The terminology is taken from Panofsky (1939, 1955).
subclass of: Visual Subject
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Iconological Recognition
  on property: Is Intrinsic Meaning Of
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on class: SocialObject
      on property: Recognized Concept
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on class: Cultural Phenomenon
      on property: Recognized Cultural Phenomenon
      qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Class
    union of: Restriction
      on class: SocialObject
      on property: Recognized Concept
      qualified cardinality: 1
    union of: Restriction
      on class: Cultural Phenomenon
      on property: Recognized Cultural Phenomenon
      qualified cardinality: 1
broad match: E36 Visual Item

Preiconographical Recognition
type: Class
comment: A Pre-iconographical recognition is a n-ary relationship class that links the artwork described (and optionally the Pure Forms composing it) to the Artistic Motifs recognized as carrier of meaning at the first level of analysis. The N-ary structure is necessary in order to include relevant additional information concerning the visual interpretation claimed.
subclass of: Recognition
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Artistic Motif
    on property: Recognized Artistic Motif
    qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Composition
    on property: Recognized Composition
    qualified cardinality: 1

Has Personification
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an image to the Personification depicted
domain: Image
range: Personification (ICON)
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Personification Of
broad match: P138 represents

Has Factual Meaning
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links the Factual Meaning recognized (Actions or Natural Elements) to the Artistic Motif
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Class
  union of: Action (ICON)
  union of: Natural Element
sub property of: has Pre-iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Factual Meaning Of
broad match: P138 represents

Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: This data property expresses the number or elements represented in an artistic motif, especially when the recognition of each element is not needed
comment: ICONOntology
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: integer
  union of: string
broad match: Property:P1114

Recognition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A recognition, in the context of this ontology, is an interpretation act made by an agent (biological or electronic being) that links works of arts to something related to their content. More specific recognitions are available as subclasses for specific types of recognition according to the level of interpretation.
subclass of: InterpretationAct
subclass of: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Agent
  on property: includesAgent
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Artwork
  on property: About Work Of Art
  qualified cardinality: 1
broad match: E13 Attribute Assignment

Takes part in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of composed of
domain: Class
  union of: Character
  union of: Event
  union of: Named Object
  union of: Personification (ICON)
  union of: Place (ICON)
  union of: Symbol
range: Invenzione

Belief
type: Class
comment: Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a Belief
subclass of: Cultural Phenomenon

Interpretation Description
type: Class
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The Interpretation Description is a class collecting all the triples describing each recognition in each level that shares a unique interpretative perspective. For example, it allows to collect claims agreeing each other or to describe the situation in which an art historian attributes to other art historians some details of the general interpretation he claims. Recognitions in disagree with each other should be documented in different descriptions. For example, the interpretation made in 1699 recognising Regnaudin's statuette as depicting "Time carrying off the Truth" is listed in a different description form the interpretation recognising "The rape of Cybele" as its subject (Wittkower).
subclass of: Description
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is compliant with pre-iconographical recognition
  some values from: Class
    union of: Formal Motif Recognition
    union of: Preiconographical Recognition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is compliant with iconographical recognition
  some values from: Iconographical Recognition
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is compliant with iconological recognition
  some values from: Iconological Recognition
broad match: E31 Document

This class represents all the iconological subjects of an artwork recognized through an intrinstic meaning
type: Class
label: Iconological Subject
subclass of: Subject

Personification (ICON)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A representation of a concept through a human figure
subclass of: Iconographical Subject

Is Cultural Phenomenon Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognizedCulturalPhenomenon
domain: Cultural Phenomenon
range: Intrinsic Meaning
inverse of: Recognized Cultural Phenomenon

Has Recognition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of aboutWorkOfArt
domain: Artwork
range: Recognition

Is Personification Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasPersonification
domain: Personification (ICON)
range: Image

Pure Form
type: Class
comment: Change the definition to the formal representation that can be enclosed in a certain coordinate.
comment: A pure form represents the physical portion of the work of art in which artistic motifs are found. It has been introduced as a way to include the results of analysis performed by computational agents, that are able to classify images and give image coordinates for specific recognition. It is not recommended to be used by manual annotators or in any case in which the coordinates of the image of the work of art are not considered. If available, the Pure form can represent the region of an image identified by IIIF Image API.
deprecated: from 1.1 version

Has Artistic Motif
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an Intrinsic Meaning to the Artistic Motif recognized at the first level of interpretation. It should be used to express that the third level meaning associated to the Intrinsic Meaning refers specifically to this Artistic Motif, and not only to the general artwork.
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Artistic Motif
inverse of: Is artistic motif of

Has Invenzione
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an Intrinsic Meaning to the Invenzione recognized at the second level of interpretation. It should be used to express that the third level meaning associated to the Intrinsic Meaning refers specifically to this invenzione, and not only to the general artwork.
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Invenzione
inverse of: Is Invenzione Of

Refers To Artistic Motif
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates a Composition or an Artistic Motif to the Iconographical Recognition that describes it at the second level of interpretation.
domain: Iconographical Recognition
range: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
sub property of: P140 assigned attribute to

Recognized Image
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates the Image to the Iconographical Recognition that recognizes it at the second level of interpretation.
domain: Iconographical Recognition
range: Image
sub property of: Recognized Visual Subject
broad match: P141 assigned

Is Place Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasPlace
domain: Place
range: Image

Natural Element
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: Comprises objects, human beings, natural elements that can be experienced. They are recognized at the first level of interpretation.
subclass of: Pre-iconographical Subject
broad match: E1 CRM Entity

Invenzione
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An Invenzione, term taken from Panofsky's Studies in Iconology (1939), is the subject matter represented by the combination of the single images recognized. The recognition of an Invenzione happens in the context of the iconographical recognition and it is included in the Iconographical Description. This definition slightly differs from the Panofsky's one: while he describes an invenzione as a form expressing the subject, we consider it as an individual belonging to the "sphere of secondary or conventional subject matter, viz., the world of specific themes or concepts manifested in images [...]". This new definition has been introduced to allow to formalize and recognize subjects represented in different artworks. Nevertheless, the identity of form and subject is already included in the definition of the class Artwork. Story and Allegory are subclasses of Invenzione.
subclass of: Subject
broad match: E1 CRM Entity

Is Compositional Structure Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasCompositionalStructure
domain: Compositional Structure
range: Composition

Action (ICON)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An event as recognized at level 1 of interpretation, e.g. a man who lifts one hand or a man riding a horse. Generally, all the actions should be described by this class. When an action is identified, it is suggested to create a Composition with all the elements involved in this action
subclass of: Pre-iconographical Subject
subclass of: Event
broad match: E5 Event

associated Color
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artistic motif or an image to one of the (recognized) colors of the elements recognized in those artistic motifs or images. For instance, expressing "red" in the artistic motif representing a scarf in a work or art.
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Image
range: Color
sub property of: hasQuality
broad match: Property:P462

Part Of (ICON)
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasPart
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Composition
sub property of: isPartOf

Recognized Invenzione
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates the Invenzione to the Iconographical Recognition that recognizes it at the second level of interpretation.
domain: Iconographical Recognition
range: Invenzione
sub property of: topObjectProperty
broad match: P141 assigned

iconologically complies with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link all the iconological recognitions that take part in one or more interpretation(s), to that/those interpretation(s)
domain: Iconological Recognition
range: Interpretation Description
sub property of: satisfies
inverse of: is compliant with iconological recognition

Is Character Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasCharacter
domain: Character
range: Image

Iconographical Subject
type: Class
comment: This class represents all the iconographical subjects of an artwork recognized in images
subclass of: Subject

Has Symbol
type: ObjectProperty
type: NamedIndividual
comment: This relation links an image to the Symbol depicted
domain: Image
range: Class
  union of: Symbol
  union of: Simulation
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Symbol Of
broad match: P138 represents

About Work Of Art
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates each Recognition directly to the artwork. In this way, it is possible to retrieve easily all the interpretations about an artwork. Therefore, it a highly recommended good practice to declare it for each interpretation.
domain: Recognition
range: Artwork
inverse of: Has Recognition

Story
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A story is a cohese combination of images that represent narrative elements such as Characters, Places, Events, Named Objects. The recognition of a story happens in the context of an Iconographical Recognition, and it is included in an Iconographical Description. As the super class Invenzione, it concerns the word of the subject matter. It is not necessary to have multiple images to compose a story.
subclass of: Invenzione
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Place
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Character
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Event
  union of: Restriction
    on property: Composed Of
    some values from: Named Object
broad match: E1 CRM Entity

Has Composition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an Intrinsic Meaning to the Composition recognized at the first level of interpretation. It should be used to express that the third level meaning associated to the Intrinsic Meaning refers specifically to this Composition, and not only to the general artwork.
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Composition
inverse of: Is composition of

Has Image
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an Intrinsic Meaning to the Image recognized at the second level of interpretation. It should be used to express that the third level meaning associated to the Intrinsic Meaning refers specifically to this Image, and not only to the general artwork.
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Image
inverse of: Is image of

Is image of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of has image
domain: Image
range: Intrinsic Meaning

Has Place
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an image to the Place depicted
domain: Image
range: Class
  union of: E53 Place
  union of: Place
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Place Of
broad match: P138 represents

Is Factual Meaning Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasFactualMeaning
domain: Class
  union of: Action (ICON)
  union of: Natural Element
range: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition

Symbol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A Symbol is the class representing the unity of a symbol and its symbolic meaning that can be expressed by an Image. The represented object (Simulacrum) and the symbolical meaning expressed (Reality Counterpart) along with the type of relation linking them if further represented by the Simulation Ontology.
subclass of: Iconographical Subject
equivalent class: Simulation
broad match: E90 Symbolic Object

Is iconographically referred by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of refers to artistic motif
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Iconographical Recognition
inverse of: Refers To Artistic Motif

Is Pure Form Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of associatedForm
domain: Pure Form
range: Preiconographical Recognition
deprecated: since 1.1 version

Has Compositional Structure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation describes the arrangement of the Artistic Motifs composing the Composition. It is suggested to use it only when they are arranged in a relevant observable structure (e.g. pyramidal, oblique)
domain: Composition
range: Compositional Structure
inverse of: Is Compositional Structure Of

Is Iconographically Recognized By
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognizedImage
domain: Image
range: Iconographical Recognition
inverse of: Recognized Image

has Role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artistic motif or an image to one of the (recognized) roles of the elements recognized in those artistic motifs or images. For instance, expressing that the role of the man recognized in a painting is "butcher", "prince", etc...
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Image
label: ICONOntology
range: Role

Pre-iconographical Subject
type: Class
comment: This class is used to represent all the preiconographical subjects that can be recognized in an artistic motif
subclass of: Subject

Has Prototypical Motif
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates to the act of the Recognition of a formal motif to the artistic motif from which the visual pattern derives. It should be used when it is affirmed that a specific feature has as a prototype the same feature of a specific visual item.
domain: Formal Motif Recognition
range: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
inverse of: Is Prototypical Motif Of
broad match: K4 is visual prototype of

is compliant with iconological recognition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of iconologically complies with
domain: Interpretation Description
range: Preiconographical Recognition
sub property of: isSatisfiedBy

Is Prototypical Motif Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasPrototypicalMotif
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Formal Motif Recognition

Is Recognized Concept Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognizedConcept
domain: SocialObject
range: Intrinsic Meaning
inverse of: Recognized Concept

Has Part (ICON)
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links a Composition to the Artistic Motifs of which it consists.
domain: Composition
range: Artistic Motif
sub property of: hasPart
inverse of: Part Of (ICON)
broad match: P106 is composed of

Art Genre
type: Class
comment: This class is substituted by the the solution adopted by linked.art using crm:P2_has_type as follows: <subject>, crm:P2_has_type, <specific style term>. <specific style term> crm:P2_has_type, <http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300015646> # the AAT term indicating the concept of style.
deprecated: since new version 25/03

Has Event
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an image to the Event depicted
domain: Image
range: Event
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Event Of
broad match: P138 represents

has Iconographical Subject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an image to the iconographical subject it represents, it is used when it is difficult to distinguish between the different iconographical subjects (for instance in the case of an automatic conversion of data into the ICON ontology)
domain: Image
range: Iconographical Subject
sub property of: Visually Represents

Pre-iconographically Depicts
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an artwork to the element of the first level of interpretation (pre-iconographical) which it depicts. This element can be a Natural Element, an Action, Expression, or an element included in a recognized Composition (again, natural element, action, expression). Example: There is a PreiconographicalRecognition of Artwork1 of ArtisticMotif1, which is linked to the natural element bear. Then Artwork1 preiconographicallyDepicts bear. Example2: There is a PreiconographicalRecognition of Artwork1 of ArtisticMotif2, which is linked to the composition1, composed by a bear and the action of eating. Then Artwork1 preiconographicallyDepicts bear and eating. This link can be created automatically through inference thanks to the super property chain, or it can be written by users who are not planning of including contextual information to the interpretation.
property chain axiom: Has Recognition
property chain axiom: Recognized Composition
property chain axiom: Has Part (ICON)
property chain axiom: Has Factual Meaning
property chain axiom: Has Expressional Meaning
property chain axiom: P138 represents
property chain axiom: Recognized Artistic Motif

Has Expressional Meaning
type: ObjectProperty
type: NamedIndividual
comment: This relation links the Expressional Meaning recognized to the Artistic Motif
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Expressional Quality
sub property of: has Pre-iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Expressional Meaning Of
broad match: P138 represents

has Responsible Agent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property links the Interpretation Description with all the agents responsible for the recognitions that are part of it
property chain axiom: is compliant with iconological recognition
property chain axiom: includesAgent
property chain axiom: is compliant with iconographical recognition
property chain axiom: P14 carried out by
property chain axiom: is compliant with pre-iconographical recognition

Is Event Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasEvent
domain: Event
range: Image

Iconological Recognition
type: Class
comment: An Iconological Recognition is a n-ary relationship class that links the artwork described (and optionally all the subjects represented at the first and second level of interpretation) to the Intrinsic Meanings recognized. The N-ary structure is necessary in order to include relevant additional information concerning the visual interpretation claimed. This class can represent: (1) the third level act of Interpretation described by Panofsky (1939), without a distinction between a overall artwork symbolic meaning and a societal aspect, (2) the third and second level described by Van Straten, according to the value associated to the intrinsic meaning, (3) the iconic act of interpretation described by Imdahl (2012), when the intrinsic meaning is directly linked to level 1 characteristics of the image.
subclass of: Recognition
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Intrinsic Meaning
  on property: Recognized Intrinsic Meaning
  qualified cardinality: 1

Is Invenzione Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasInvenzione
domain: Invenzione
range: Intrinsic Meaning

Character
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
subclass of: E28 Conceptual Object

Recognized Intrinsic Meaning
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates the Intrinsic Meaning to the Iconological Recognition that recognizes it at the third level of interpretation.
domain: Iconological Recognition
range: Intrinsic Meaning
sub property of: Recognized Visual Subject

Cultural Value
type: Class
comment: Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a CulturalValue
subclass of: Cultural Phenomenon

has Iconological Subject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link an intrinstic meaning to the iconological subject it represents. It is useful in the cases where it is difficult to identify the type of the iconological subject (cultural phenomenon, abstract concept...) especially in cases of automatic conversions of data to the ICON ontology structure
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: This class represents all the iconological subjects of an artwork recognized through an intrinstic meaning
sub property of: Visually Represents

Recognized Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates the Composition to the Pre-iconographical Recognition that recognizes it at the first level of interpretation.
domain: Preiconographical Recognition
range: Composition
sub property of: Recognized Visual Subject
broad match: P141 assigned

Has Character
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation links an image to the Character depicted
domain: Image
range: Character
sub property of: has Iconographical Subject
inverse of: Is Character Of
broad match: P138 represents

iconographically complies with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link all the iconographical recognitions that take part in one or more interpretation(s), to that/those interpretation(s)
domain: Iconographical Recognition
range: Interpretation Description
sub property of: satisfies
inverse of: is compliant with iconographical recognition

Iconographical Synthesis
type: Class
comment: An Iconographical Synthesis is the enumeration of iconological recognitions of intrinsic meanings recognized by one or more agents concerning a work of art. It is thus a collection of triples. It is the summary of what would be called in Panofsky's term the third level of interpretation.
subclass of: Interpretation Description
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Iconological Recognition
  on property: P70 documents
deprecated: from version 1.1

Named Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: A named object is a non-living unique element that is often used as an attribute for the recognition of specific characters or as the individuals of a more general concept class. (e.g. Bible for the Book class)
subclass of: Iconographical Subject
related: E89 Propositional Object

Region Description
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: This data property can be used to link an artistic motif or a composition with their coordinates in the image of the artwork in which they are recognized. These coordinates could indicate the bounding boxes of the detections of a computer vision algorithms or could also be the IIIF URI that selects the part of the image of the painting in which the artistic motif or the composition are found
domain: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition
range: Literal

Is Expressional Meaning Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasExpressionalMeaning
domain: Expressional Quality
range: Class
  union of: Artistic Motif
  union of: Composition

has Pre-iconographical Subject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property links an artistic motif with a pre-iconographical subject represented by it, it is used when it is difficult to distinguish between the different types of pre-iconographical subjects (for example in situations where the conversion from interpretation to ICON is made automatically)
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Pre-iconographical Subject
sub property of: Visually Represents

Expressional Quality
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: An Expression Quality corresponds to the "expressional subject matter" described by Panofsky (1939), which belongs, along with the factual ones, to the Primary or natural subject matter of a work of art. Indeed, it individuates, by way of example, emotions, an atmosphere, the character of a person.
subclass of: Pre-iconographical Subject
subclass of: SocialObject
broad match: E1 CRM Entity

Recognized Cultural Phenomenon
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation expresses the Cultural Phenomenon that is related to the Intrinsic Meaning
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: Cultural Phenomenon
sub property of: has Iconological Subject

Recognized Visual Subject
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link a Recognition to the recognized Visual Subject.
domain: Recognition
range: Visual Subject

Associated Form
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation associates a Pure Form to the Pre-iconographical Recognition that describes it at the first level of interpretation.
domain: Preiconographical Recognition
range: Pure Form
sub property of: P140 assigned attribute to
deprecated: Since 1.1 version
inverse of: Is Pure Form Of

Iconographical Description
type: Class
comment: An Iconographical Description is the enumeration of iconographical recognitions of images or invenzioni recognized by one or more agents. It is thus a collection of triples. It is the summary of what would be called in Panofsky's term the second level of interpretation.
subclass of: Interpretation Description
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Iconographical Recognition
  on property: P70 documents
deprecated: from version 1.1

Is Rec Attribute Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of hasRecAttribute
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Image

Recognized Concept
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation expresses the Concept that is related to the Intrinsic Meaning
domain: Intrinsic Meaning
range: SocialObject
sub property of: has Iconological Subject

ICON Ontology
type: Ontology
comment: The ICON ontology deals with high granularity art interpretation. It was developed by conceptualizing Panofsky's theory of levels of interpretation, therefore artworks can be described according to Pre-iconographical, Iconographical and Iconological information.
contributor: Aldo Gangemi (Until version 1.1)
contributor: Marieke van Erp (Until version 1.1)
creator: Sofia Baroncini
creator: Bruno Sartini
bibliographic citation: Bruno Sartini, Sofia Baroncini, Marieke van Erp, Francesca Tomasi, and Aldo Gangemi. 2023. ICON: An Ontology for Comprehensive Artistic Interpretations. J. Comput. Cult. Herit. 16, 3, Article 59 (September 2023), 38 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3594724
created: April 12th, 2022
issued: April 12th, 2022
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
publisher: Bruno Sartini
source: The top down development of this ontology followed these sources: Erwin Panofsky. 1972. Studies in iconology: humanistic themes in the art of the Renaissance. Westview Press, Boulder, Colo. OCLC: 1151325340. Max Imdahl. 2012. Iconica. L’intuizione delle immagini. Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico (2012). Roelof van Straten. 2012. An introduction to iconography (2 ed.). Routledge, London, England. Its development followed these methodologies: Silvio Peroni. 2016. A Simplified Agile Methodology for Ontology Development.. In Proceedings of the 13th OWL: Experiences and Directions Workshop and 5th OWL reasoner evaluation workshop (OWLED-ORE 2016). Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 55–69. https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.3189769.V2 Valentina Presutti, Enrico Daga, Aldo Gangemi, and Eva Blomqvist. 2009. EXtreme Design with Content Ontology Design Patterns. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Ontology Patterns - Volume 516 (Washington DC) (WOP’09). CEUR-WS.org, Aachen, DEU, 83–97.
preferred namespace prefix: icon
backward compatible with: 2.1.0
imports: DUL.owl
imports: current
imports: core
imports: ontology
imports: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/2020-03-31
prior version: 2.1.0
version IRI: https://w3id.org/icon/ontology/2.2.0/
version info: 2.2.0
status: work in progress
change note: **Version 2.2.0 Changelog** Introduction of two new properties: visually Represents recognized Visual Subject Refer to the classes and properties in protege or in the documentation for more explanations on them

Material
type: Class
comment: This class represent the material expressed in an artistic motif or image (referring to the element recognized in them)
subclass of: Quality

Is Recognized Artistic Motif Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of recognized artistic motif
domain: Artistic Motif
range: Preiconographical Recognition
inverse of: Recognized Artistic Motif

Is Symbol Of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of has symbol
domain: Class
  union of: Symbol
  union of: Simulation
range: Image

pre-iconographically complies with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link all the pre-iconographical and formal motif recognitions recognitions that take part in one or more interpretation(s), to that/those interpretation(s)
domain: Class
  union of: Formal Motif Recognition
  union of: Preiconographical Recognition
range: Interpretation Description
sub property of: satisfies

is compliant with iconographical recognition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse of iconographically complies with
domain: Interpretation Description
range: Iconographical Recognition
sub property of: isSatisfiedBy

Role
type: Class
comment: This class represents the Role of an element recognized in an artistic motif or an image.
subclass of: Quality

Visually Represents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is used to link a Visual Subject (the subject visually represented in the specific artwork) with the general subject entity (for instance the controlled vocabulary entry). Example: the image of Hercules in the Farnese Hercules linked to the general Hercules subject expressed in Iconclass (94L) or the URI of the "general" Hercules in the KG. For specific interpretation-level relationships, see and use one of this property's subproperties.
domain: Visual Subject
range: Subject

Is composition of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Inverse property of has composition
domain: Composition
range: Intrinsic Meaning

Compositional Structure
type: Class
comment: The compositional structure identifies relevant structures that can be recognized in the layout of Artistic Motifs in a Composition, e.g. pyramidal, symmetrical.

Image
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class
comment: Image is a reification class linking the identified second level subject (namely: Characters, Events, Places, Named Objects, Symbols and Personifications) to the specific interpretation that recognizes it. It represents the subject depicted as a manifestation in the specific artwork taken into account, in contrast to the second level subjects cited and Invenzione, identifying iconographies from an abstract and general point of view. This distinction between the general subject level and the artwork-specific one is functional to identify the variants of a subject in relation to the specific context.
subclass of: Visual Subject
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Iconographical Recognition
  on property: Is Iconographically Recognized By
  qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Character
    on property: Has Character
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Event
    on property: Has Event
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Named Object
    on property: Has Named Object
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Personification (ICON)
    on property: Has Personification
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Place (ICON)
    on property: Has Place
  union of: Restriction
    min qualified cardinality: 1
    on class: Class
      union of: Symbol
      union of: Simulation
    on property: Has Symbol
broad match: E36 Visual Item

Color
type: Class
comment: Class representing the color of an entity represented in an Artistic Motif or Image
subclass of: Quality

Tendency
type: Class
comment: Example term taken from Panofsky's studies, can be used as a specification of a cultural phenomemon if it can be considered a tendency
subclass of: Cultural Phenomenon