Pioglitazone
subclass of: Thiazolidinedione
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Pioglitazone
equivalent class: pioglitazone
definition: A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: An orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor, thereby inducing cell differentiation and inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis. This agent also modulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes, inhibits macrophage and monocyte activation, and stimulates adipocyte differentiation. [Definition Source: NCI]

Personal History
type: Class
subclass of: History
equivalent class: Personal Medical History
definition: A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies. [Definition Source: NCI]

Pain
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

Peripheral Neuropathy
type: Class
subclass of: Musculoskeletal System Symptom
equivalent class: peripheral muscle weakness
definition: Peripheral neuropathy refers to the many conditions that involve damage to the peripheral nervous system, the vast communication network that sends signals between the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and all other parts of the body. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ninds.nih.gov/peripheral-neuropathy-fact-sheet ]

Diabetes HbA1C Level
type: Class
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood by IFCC protocol
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Diabetes HbA1C Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

Urinary System Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder by Site

Diabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Level
type: Class
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Diabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: 2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

Fatigue
type: Class
subclass of: Neurological and Physiological Symptom
equivalent class: fatigue
definition: Fatigue is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=fatigue ][Definition Source: SYMP:0019177]

liraglutide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Sedentary Lifestyle
type: Class
subclass of: Behavior
equivalent class: Sedentary Lifestyle
definition: A type of lifestyle that lacks physical exercise, characterized by sitting, reading, watching television or using a computer for much of the day without vigorous physical exertion. [Definition Source: NCI]

Chest pain
type: Class
subclass of: Constitutional symptom

No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
comment: No known association with the lowering of blood sugar below the normal range.
subclass of: Hypoglycemia Risk

Lifestyle
type: Class
subclass of: Behavior

Alogliptin
type: Class
subclass of: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor

Borderline High Triglyceride Level
type: Class
subclass of: Triglyceride Measurement
intersection of: Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Borderline High Triglyceride Range
  on property: hasValue

Functional abnormality of the bladder
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Physical Examination Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

muscle weakness
type: Class
subclass of: musculoskeletal system symptom

urinary system symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

N-sulfonylurea
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

pioglitazone
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Cholesterol Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Lipid Measurement

Dulaglutide
subclass of: GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Dulaglutide
definition: A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is 90% homologous to native human GLP-1 (7-37) and is composed of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV-protected GLP-1 analog covalently linked to a human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-Fc heavy chain, with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon administration, dulaglutide binds to and activates GLP-1 receptors, thereby increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in pancreatic beta cells. This increases glucose-dependent insulin release. Dulaglutide also reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas and slows gastric emptying. Altogether this lowers the postprandial glucose level. GLP-1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in response to a meal to normalize blood glucose levels. [Definition Source: NCI]

Condition
type: Class
subclass of: General Qualifier

Weight Change Potential
comment: The capacity for an increase or decrease in the weight of an individual.
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor
equivalent class: Weight Change

fatigue
type: Class
subclass of: neurological and physiological symptom

Body Mass Index Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Test Finding
equivalent class: Body Mass Index Finding
definition: The result of a body mass index measurement. [Definition Source: NCI]

Triglyceride Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Test Finding
equivalent class: Triglyceride Measurement
definition: A quantitative measurement of the amount of triglyceride present in a sample. [Definition Source: NCI]

saxagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

stroke
type: Class
subclass of: nervous system symptom

canagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood by IFCC protocol
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

musculoskeletal system symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

Genitourinary System Infection
type: Class
subclass of: Disease or Disorder

Sulfonylurea
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralASCVDRisk
    type: Neutral ASCVD Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralHeartFailureRisk
    type: Neutral Heart Failure Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralDKDRisk
    type: Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: WeightGainPotential
    type: Weight Gain Potential
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: LowCost
    type: Low Cost
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: KnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighEfficacy
    type: High Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: N-sulfonylurea
equivalent class: Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent
definition: Sulfonamide urea derivatives with antihyperglycemic activity. Sulphonylurea antidiabetic agents bind to sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1), the subunit of ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifier potassium (IKATP) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells, thereby blocking the inward current flow (influx) of positively charged K+ ions into the cell. This results in tonic membrane depolarization, and induces a calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels; increased intracellular calcium ion levels trigger exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. This eventually induces secretion of insulin. The IKATP channels found in pancreatic islets are complexes of four IKATP 6.2 and four SUR1 subunits. In addition, some sulfonylureas of larger molecular size may increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin mediated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). [Definition Source: NCI]

GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: WeightLossPotential
    type: Weight Loss Potential
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighEfficacy
    type: High Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighCost
    type: High Cost
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralHeartFailureRisk
    type: Neutral Heart Failure Risk
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: GLP-1 Mimetics
equivalent class: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
definition: Any of the analogues of the endogenous gastrointestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) with antihyperglycemic activity. GLP-1 mimetics mimic the activity of GLP-1 and thereby stimulate glucose-dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, suppress glucagon secretion from alpha cells, increase insulin sensitivity and inhibit gastric emptying thereby slowing absorption of nutrients and creating a satiating effect. Altogether, this lowers blood glucose levels. GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). [Definition Source: NCI]
definition: An agonist that binds to and activates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. [Definition Source: CHEBI]

Rosiglitazone
subclass of: Thiazolidinedione
equivalent class: Rosiglitazone
equivalent class: rosiglitazone
definition: An agent belonging to the glitazone class of antidiabetic agents with antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to its selective affinity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and its ability to lower blood glucose levels, rosiglitazone also exerts anti-inflammatory activity through its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KB) activity and increase I-kappaB levels. In addition, rosiglitazone may cause fluid retention and may worsen congestive heart failure. This agent is also associated with an increased risk of heart attacks. [Definition Source: NCI]

polyuria
type: Class
subclass of: urinary system symptom

has therapy aversion
type: ObjectProperty
range: Therapy

Very High LDL Level
type: Class
subclass of: Cholesterol Measurement
intersection of: Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Very High LDL Range
  on property: hasValue

Liraglutide
type: Class
subclass of: GLP-1 Mimetics

Occupation or Discipline
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Entity

Therapeutic Procedure
type: Class
subclass of: Intervention or Procedure

Frequent Urination
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Symptom
equivalent class: Pollakisuria
equivalent class: urinary frequency
definition: Increased frequency of urination. [Definition Source: HP:0100515]

Very High Triglyceride Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 500
on data range: decimal

Weight Change
type: Class
subclass of: Sign

Overweight
type: Class
comment: 25<BMI<30
subclass of: Body Mass Index Finding
equivalent class: overweight body mass index status
intersection of: Body Mass Index Finding
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Overweight BMI Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: The quantification of weight/height relationships above a certain threshold that classes an individual as overweight. This threshold may vary based on an individual's ethnicity but is commonly considered to correspond in European populations to a 25<BMI<30. [Definition Source: EFO:0005935]

Fasting glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

linagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Pollakisuria
type: Class
subclass of: Functional abnormality of the bladder

dapagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Symptom
equivalent class: Urinary Tract Infection
definition: A bacterial infectious process affecting any part of the urinary tract, most commonly the bladder and the urethra. Symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, burning sensation during urination, lower abdominal discomfort, and cloudy urine. [Definition Source: NCI]

Disorder by Site
type: Class
subclass of: Disease or Disorder

CTRP Clinical Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

Glyburide
type: Class
subclass of: Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent

Lixisenatide
type: Class
subclass of: GLP-1 Mimetics

Increased Heart Failure Risk
comment: Potential to increase the risk of heart failure.
subclass of: Heart Failure Risk

Obese
type: Class
comment: 30<BMI
subclass of: Body Mass Index Finding
equivalent class: obese body mass index status
equivalent class: Obesity
intersection of: Body Mass Index Finding
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Obese BMI Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: The quantification of weight/height relationships above a certain threshold that classes an individual as overweight. This threshold may vary based on an individual's ethnicity but is commonly considered to correspond in European populations to a BMI > 30. [Definition Source: EFO:0007041]
definition: Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). [Definition Source: NCI]

Drug Use History
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Medical History

Canagliflozin
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialHeartFailureBenefit
    type: Potential Heart Failure Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Canagliflozin
equivalent class: canagliflozin
definition: A C-glucoside with a thiophene ring that is an orally available inhibitor of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) with antihyperglycemic activity. Canagliflozin is also able to reduce body weight and has a low risk for hypoglycemia. [Definition Source: NCI]

Bilateral Lower Extremity Burning Sensation
type: Class
comment: Occasional Burning Sensation in Bilateral Lower Extremities
subclass of: Nervous System Symptom

polydipsia
type: Class
subclass of: nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom

sitagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

overweight body mass index status
type: Class
subclass of: body mass index

Family History
type: Class
subclass of: History
equivalent class: Family Medical History
definition: A record of a patient's background regarding health and disease events of blood relatives. A patient's family medical history may be important in diagnosing existing conditions. [Definition Source: NCI]

Hypoglycemia Risk
comment: The possiblility of lowering blood sugar below the normal range.
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor
definition: The most important risk factor for the occurrence of hypoglycemia is the aggressiveness of therapy applied to achieve glycemic control. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784865/ ]

Insufficient Exercise
type: Class
subclass of: Sedentary Lifestyle

Saxagliptin
subclass of: DPP-4 Inhibitor
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: IncreasedHeartFailureRisk
    type: Increased Heart Failure Risk
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Saxagliptin
equivalent class: saxagliptin
definition: A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-amino(3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of (1S,3S,5S)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile. Used in its monohydrate form for the treatment of Type II diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A potent, selective and competitive, cyanopyrrolidine-based, orally bioavailable inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Saxagliptin is metabolized into an, although less potent, active mono-hydroxy metabolite. [Definition Source: NCI]

glimepiride
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Disease or Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

Hypertension
type: Class
subclass of: CTRP Clinical Finding
subclass of: Blood Pressure Finding

Metformin
subclass of: Biguanide
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralHeartFailureRisk
    type: Neutral Heart Failure Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: LowCost
    type: Low Cost
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralDKDRisk
    type: Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighEfficacy
    type: High Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralWeightChange
    type: Neutral Weight Change
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Metformin
equivalent class: metFORMIN [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma
equivalent class: metformin
definition: An agent belonging to the biguanide class of antidiabetics with antihyperglycemic activity. Metformin is associated with a very low incidence of lactic acidosis. This agent helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and is not associated with weight gain, and prevents the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Metformin is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. [Definition Source: NCI]

Increased Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
comment: Potential to increase the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease.
subclass of: Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression

Hyperlipidemia
type: Class
label: Abnormal Blood Chemistry and Hematology Test Result
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

metformin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Occupation or Discipline

Sitagliptin
subclass of: DPP-4 Inhibitor
equivalent class: Sitagliptin
equivalent class: sitagliptin
definition: An orally available, competitive, beta-amino acid-derived inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4) with hypoglycemic activity. Sitagliptin may cause an increased risk in the development of pancreatitis. [Definition Source: NCI]

Cardiovascular Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder by Site

Canagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Nutrition Metabolism and Development Symptom
type: Class
comment: A symptom involving the nutrition, metabolism, and/or development system.
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom
definition: Symptoms concerning nutrition metabolism and development [include:] A disorder characterized by a loss of appetite; An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, aids, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases; Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat; Loss of appetite; The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. [Definition Source: url:http://www.icd9data.com/2013/Volume1/780-799/780-789/783/default.htm ]

Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Activity

polyphagia
type: Class
subclass of: nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom

Potential Heart Failure Benefit
comment: Potential to decrease the risk of heart failure.
subclass of: Heart Failure Risk

Glyburide
subclass of: Sulfonylurea
equivalent class: Glyburide
equivalent class: glyburide
definition: An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A sulfonamide urea derivative with antihyperglycemic activity that can potentially be used to decrease cerebral edema. Upon administration, glyburide binds to and blocks the sulfonylurea receptor type 1 (SUR1) subunit of the ATP-sensitive inwardly-rectifying potassium (K(ATP)) channels on the membranes of pancreatic beta cells. This prevents the inward current flow of positively charged potassium (K+) ions into the cell, and induces a calcium ion (Ca2+) influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which triggers exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. In addition, glyburide also inhibits the SUR1-regulated nonselective cation (NC) Ca-ATP channel, melastatin 4 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; (TRPM4)), thereby preventing capillary failure and brain swelling. SUR1-TRPM4 channels are formed by co-assembly of SUR1 with TRPM4 in neurons, astrocytes, and capillary endothelium during cerebral ischemia. Upon ischemia-induced ATP depletion, channels open which results in sodium influx, cytotoxic edema formation, capillary fragmentation and necrotic cell death. SUR1-TRPM4 is not expressed in normal, uninjured tissues. [Definition Source: NCI]

Ertugliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Prediabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Level
type: Class
comment: impaired fasting glucose
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Fasting glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Prediabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: FPG 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) to 125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

Renal Dosing Consideration
comment: Drug dosage considerations related to the effect on the kidneys.
subclass of: Renal Effect

Metformin
type: Class
subclass of: Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent

Personal History of Gestational Diabetes
type: Class
subclass of: Personal History
definition: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined as glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy, is associated with maternal obesity and confers a 4‐ to 7‐fold greater risk of incident type 2 diabetes (DM), and increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in midlife. In addition, a history of GDM among nondiabetic women is characterized by elevations in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, as well as dyslipidemia and greater inflammation in the absence of the MetS. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187501/ ]

DPP-4 Inhibitor
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: IntermediateEfficacy
    type: Intermediate Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralASCVDRisk
    type: Neutral ASCVD Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralWeightChange
    type: Neutral Weight Change
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralDKDRisk
    type: Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighCost
    type: High Cost
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor
equivalent class: EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor
definition: Any inhibitor of the proline-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. DPP-4 inhibitors bind to DPP-4 and inhibit the breakdown of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This prolongs incretin activity, increases postprandial insulin release, decreases glucagon release, delays gastric emptying and lowers blood glucose levels. The risk for hypoglycemia is negligible with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors. [Definition Source: NCI]
definition: An EC 3.4.14.* (dipeptidyl- and tripeptidyl-peptidases) inhibitor that specifically inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (EC 3.4.14.5). [Definition Source: CHEBI]

Anti-diabetic Agent
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Polydipsia
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrition Metabolism and Development Symptom
equivalent class: polydipsia
definition: Polydipsia is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an excessive or abnormal thirst. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polydipsia ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000560]

neurological and physiological symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

Diabetes Mellitus
type: Class
subclass of: Non-Neoplastic Endocrine Pancreas Disorder

Antihyperglycemic Treatment
comment: Treatment designed to lower blood sugar levels.
subclass of: Therapy
equivalent class: hypoglycemic agent
definition: A drug which lowers the blood glucose level. [Definition Source: CHEBI]

SGLT2 Inhibitor
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: WeightLossPotential
    type: Weight Loss Potential
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighCost
    type: High Cost
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: IntermediateEfficacy
    type: Intermediate Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: SGLT2 Inhibitor
equivalent class: sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
definition: Any inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter subtype 2 (SGLT2) with antihyperglycemic activity. By binding to and blocking SGLT2, these inhibitors suppress reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule within the kidneys and thereby enhancing urinary excretion of glucose. This eventually normalizes blood glucose levels. SGLT2, a transport system exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates about 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]

Urinary Tract Infection
type: Class
subclass of: Genitourinary System Infection

Patient Characteristic
type: Class
subclass of: Diagnostic Factor
equivalent class: Characteristic
definition: The distinguishing qualities or prominent aspect of a person. [Definition Source: NCI]

Foul Urine
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Symptom
equivalent class: Abnormal urinary odor
definition: A deviation from the normal odor of the urine. [Definition Source: HP:0012088]

Very High Triglyceride Level
type: Class
subclass of: Triglyceride Measurement
intersection of: Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Very High Triglyceride Range
  on property: hasValue

Borderline High LDL Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 159
min inclusive: 130
on data range: decimal

GLP-1 Mimetics
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

Prediabetes HbA1C Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 138.62
min inclusive: 117.58
on data range: decimal

Semaglutide
subclass of: GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Semaglutide
equivalent class: semaglutide
definition: A polypeptide that contains a linear sequence of 31 amino acids joined together by peptide linkages. It is an agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1 AR) and used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]

alogliptin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

History
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Entity

Property or Attribute
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Linagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor

Sedentary Occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Occupation
definition: A physical demand level described as the exertion of up to 10 pounds of force occasionally, negligible amount of work frequently, and a negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. [Definition Source: url:https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sedentary+work ]

Coronary Artery Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Non-Neoplastic Heart Disorder

Non-Neoplastic Endocrine Pancreas Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder by Site

Sitagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor

Blood Glucose Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Glucose Measurement

blurred vision
type: Class
subclass of: eye symptom

Prediabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 199
min inclusive: 140
on data range: decimal

Family History of Diabetes
type: Class
subclass of: Family History
definition: Having at least one-first-degree relative with diabetes. [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12033 ]

Rosiglitazone
type: Class
subclass of: Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agent

Efficacy
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor
equivalent class: Treatment Efficacy
definition: The probability of benefit to individuals in a defined population from a medical technology applied for a given medical problem under ideal conditions of use. Efficacy is a measure of effect of therapy among appropriate patients in whom treatment is tolerated and effectively administered, under the condition of sufficient patients' compliance, usually determined in randomized trials. [Definition Source: NCI]

Cost
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Entity

Exenatide
type: Class
subclass of: GLP-1 Mimetics

Family Medical History
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Medical History

Behavior
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: Behavior
definition: The actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment or surrounding world of stimuli. [Definition Source: NCI]

underweight body mass index status
type: Class
subclass of: body mass index

Characteristic
type: Class
subclass of: Property or Attribute

High LDL Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 189
min inclusive: 160
on data range: decimal

vision symptom
type: Class
subclass of: eye symptom

has therapy preference
type: ObjectProperty
range: Therapy

Dapagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Alcohol Use History
type: Class
subclass of: Personal Medical History

Near Optimal LDL Level
type: Class
subclass of: Cholesterol Measurement
intersection of: Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Near Optimal LDL Range
  on property: hasValue

Chest Pain
type: Class
subclass of: Pain
equivalent class: Chest Pain
equivalent class: Chest pain
equivalent class: chest pain
definition: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest. [Definition Source: HP:0100749]

Diabetes Pharmacology Ontology
type: Ontology
contributor: Oshani Seneviratne
contributor: Deborah L. McGuinness
contributor: Daniel Gruen
contributor: Jamie McCusker
created: 2022-06-08T18:00:00
creator: Sabbir M. Rashid
description: The Diabetes Pharmacology Ontology contains the classes needed to describe antihyperglycemic therapies.
license: LICENSE-2.0
modified: 2022-12-18T18:00:00
version IRI: http://purl.org/twc/dpo/ont/1.0

glipizide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Stroke
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrovascular Disorder

Abnormal macroscopic urine appearance
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Urinary System Symptom
type: Class
comment: A symptom involving the urinary system.
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: urinary system symptom
definition: Symptoms of urinary disorders vary from person to person and based on the cause of the disorders. Common urinary symptoms include: Abdominal cramping; Abdominal, pelvic or back pain that can be severe; Bloody or pink-colored urine (hematuria); Cloudy urine; Fever and chills; Foul-smelling urine; Frequent urination; General ill feeling; Leaking of urine; Pain during sexual intercourse; Pain or burning with urination (dysuria); Unexplained weight loss; Urgent need to urinate. [Definition Source: url:https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/kidneys-and-the-urinary-system/urinary-disorders ]

Lixisenatide
subclass of: GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralASCVDRisk
    type: Neutral ASCVD Risk
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Lixisenatide
equivalent class: lixisenatide
definition: A forty-four membered polypeptide consisting of L-His, Gly, L-Glu, Gly, L-Thr, L-Phe, L-Thr, L-Ser, L-Asp, L-Leu, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Gln, L-Met, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Ala, L-Val, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ile, L-Glu, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Lys, L-Asn, Gly, Gly, LPro, L-Ser, L-Ser, Gly, L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Pro, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, and L-Lys-NH2 residues joined in sequence. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type II diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]

Polyuria
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Symptom
equivalent class: polyuria
definition: A urinary system symptom that is characterized by the excessive secretion of urine. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polyuria ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000565]

Intervention or Procedure
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Liraglutide
subclass of: GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Liraglutide
equivalent class: liraglutide
definition: A long-acting, fatty acylated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog administered subcutaneously, with antihyperglycemic activity. Liraglutide's prolonged action and half-life of 11-15 hours are attributed to the attachment of the fatty acid palmitic acid to GLP-1 that reversibly binds to albumin. Albumin binding protects liraglutide from immediate degradation and elimination and causes GLP-1 to be released from abumin in a slow and consistent manner. This agent may cause thyroid C-cell tumors and increases the risk of acute pancreatitis. [Definition Source: NCI]

Sedentary Lifestyle
type: Class
subclass of: Lifestyle

Activity
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Blurred Vision
type: Class
subclass of: Vision Symptom
equivalent class: blurred vision
definition: A vision symptom that is characterized by a decreased clarity or sharpness in vision, which can be caused by eye conditions myopia or hyperopia. [Definition Source: SYMP:0000012]

Intermediate Efficacy
comment: An intermediate capacity to bring about a desired effect.
subclass of: Efficacy

Therapy
type: Class
subclass of: Therapy Planning Component
equivalent class: Therapeutic Procedure
definition: An action or administration of therapeutic agents to produce an effect that is intended to alter or stop a pathologic process. [Definition Source: NCI]

Test Finding
type: Class
comment: A finding or categorization surmised from recorded measurements.
subclass of: Diagnostic Factor
equivalent class: Measurement
definition: Annotation used to indicate the size or magnitude of something that was determined by comparison to a standard. [Definition Source: NCI]

Glimepiride
subclass of: Sulfonylurea
equivalent class: Glimepiride
equivalent class: glimepiride
definition: A long-acting, third-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Compared to other generations of sulfonylurea compounds, glimepiride is very potent and has a longer duration of action. This agent is metabolized by CYP2C9 and shows peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonistic activity. [Definition Source: NCI]

Exenatide
subclass of: GLP-1 RA
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralASCVDRisk
    type: Neutral ASCVD Risk
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Exenatide
equivalent class: exendin-4
definition: A bioactive polypeptide of 39 amino acid residues isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). High-affinity glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (Kd = 136 pM); potently induces cAMP formation without stimulating amylase release in pancreatic acini; potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat islets; protects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. A synthetic version is called exenatide. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A 39 amino acid peptide and synthetic version of exendin-4, a hormone found in the saliva of the venomous lizard Gila monster, with insulin secretagogue and antihyperglycemic activity. Exenatide is administered subcutaneously and mimics human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Compared to GLP-1, exenatide has a longer half-life of 2.4 hours. [Definition Source: NCI]

General Qualifier
type: Class
subclass of: Property or Attribute

Hyperlipidemia
type: Class
subclass of: Condition
equivalent class: Hyperlipidemia
definition: Elevated levels of lipids in the blood. [Definition Source: NCI]

Neutral Weight Change
comment: The lack of an effect on the capacity for an increase or decrease in the weight of an individual.
subclass of: Weight Change Potential

Musculoskeletal System Symptom
type: Class
comment: A symptom involving the musculoskeletal system.
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: musculoskeletal system symptom
definition: Musculoskeletal symptoms are defined as pain in the muscles, tendons, and nerves arising from repetitive, continuous, and unnatural movements. These symptoms can be expressed in various areas of the body and affect the quality of life by causing difficulties in performing occupational tasks and activities of daily living (ADL). [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567324/ ]

Underweight BMI Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 18.5
on data range: decimal

Borderline High LDL Level
type: Class
subclass of: Cholesterol Measurement
intersection of: Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Borderline High LDL Range
  on property: hasValue

Prediabetes HbA1C Level
type: Class
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood by IFCC protocol
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Prediabetes HbA1C Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: A1C 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
comment: Potential to decrease the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease.
subclass of: Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression

Thiazolidinedione
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: LowCost
    type: Low Cost
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: IncreasedHeartFailureRisk
    type: Increased Heart Failure Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NoKnownHypoglycemiaRisk
    type: No Known Hypoglycemia Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: WeightGainPotential
    type: Weight Gain Potential
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: NeutralDKDRisk
    type: Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: HighEfficacy
    type: High Efficacy
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: thiazolidinediones
equivalent class: Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agent
definition: Any antidiabetic agent with the glitazone (thiazolidinedione) base structure with antihyperglycemic activity. Glitazone antidiabetic agents selectively bind to and stimulate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. This results in the selective transcription of a number of insulin-sensitive genes involved in glucose metabolism. This eventually enhances insulin sensitivity, reduces insulin resistance and decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis. PPARs function as transcription factors that regulate expressions of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), as well as tumorigenesis; PPARgamma is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue. [Definition Source: NCI]

EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Pharmacotherapy Factor
type: Class
comment: A circumstance influencing the treatment of a disease through the use or recommendation of one or more drugs.
subclass of: Therapy Planning Component
equivalent class: Treatment Factor
definition: Therapy-related factors identified include: route of administration, treatment complexity, duration of treatment period, medication side effects, degree of behavioral change required, taste of medication and requirement for drug storage. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503662/ ]

Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Cerebrovascular Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder by Site

Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Known Hypoglycemia Risk
comment: A known association with the lowering of blood sugar below the normal range.
subclass of: Hypoglycemia Risk

Polyphagia
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrition Metabolism and Development Symptom
equivalent class: polyphagia
definition: Polyphagia is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an excessive appetite or eating. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=polyphagia ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000524]

Diagnostic Factor
type: Class
comment: A circumstance influencing the dianosis of a disease.
subclass of: Therapy Planning Component
equivalent class: Diagnostic Factor
definition: A biological, physiological, behavioral, or molecular indicator of the presence or predisposition towards development of a specific disease. [Definition Source: NCI]

Weight Loss Potential
comment: The capacity for a decrease in the weight of an individual.
subclass of: Weight Change Potential

Prediabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Level
type: Class
comment: impaired glucose tolerance
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post 75 g glucose PO
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Prediabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: 2-h PG during 75-g OGTT 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

Coronary Artery Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
equivalent class: Coronary Artery Disease
definition: Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC) [Definition Source: NCI]

Neutral ASCVD Risk
comment: Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis.
subclass of: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

hypoglycemic agent
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Chest Pain
type: Class
subclass of: Pain

Neutral Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk
comment: Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk or progression of diabetic kidney disease.
subclass of: Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression

glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

High LDL Level
type: Class
subclass of: Cholesterol Measurement
intersection of: Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: High LDL Range
  on property: hasValue

Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 126
on data range: decimal

Lipid Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Intervention or Procedure

Disease, Disorder or Finding
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Kidney Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Disorder

obese body mass index status
type: Class
subclass of: body mass index

Diagnostic Factor
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Condition
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: Condition
definition: A state of being, such as a state of health. [Definition Source: NCI]

Renal Effect
comment: A pharmacotherapy factor related to the kidneys.
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor

Semaglutide
type: Class
subclass of: GLP-1 Mimetics

Symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: symptom
definition: A symptom is a perceived change in function, sensation, loss, disturbance or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease. [ url:https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-4789-1_5 url:https://www.nature.com/subjects/signs-and-symptoms url:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/symptom ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000462]

Family History of Coronary Artery Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Family Medical History

Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression
comment: The progression of diabetic kidney disease.
subclass of: Renal Effect
definition: Defined by the presence of diabetes and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to <60/ mL/min/1.73 m2, increased albuminuria (>300 mg/24 hours) or both, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive disease that affects one in seven individuals worldwide eventuating renal replacement therapy (RRT) and premature death secondary to cardiovascular causes. [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571719/ ]

Glimepiride
type: Class
subclass of: Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent

Non-Neoplastic Heart Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Disorder by Site

has therapy
type: ObjectProperty
range: Therapy
sub property of: has attribute

Normal Triglyceride Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 149
on data range: decimal

Therapy Planning Component
type: Class

Overweight BMI Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 30
min inclusive: 25
on data range: decimal

Ertugliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Lack of Efficacy
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment Efficacy

Pioglitazone
type: Class
subclass of: Thiazolidinedione Antidiabetic Agent

Abnormal urinary odor
type: Class
subclass of: Abnormal macroscopic urine appearance

Cost
comment: The expense associated with a therapy.
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor
equivalent class: Cost
definition: The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for purchasing goods, services and financial instruments. [Definition Source: NCI]

Empagliflozin
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialHeartFailureBenefit
    type: Potential Heart Failure Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialASCVDBenefit
    type: Potential ASCVD Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Empagliflozin
equivalent class: empagliflozin
definition: An orally available competitive inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2; SLC5A2) with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon oral administration, empagliflozin selectively and potently inhibits SGLT2 in the kidneys, thereby suppressing the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule. Inhibition of SGLT2 increases urinary glucose excretion by the kidneys, resulting in a reduction of plasma glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner. Inhibition of SGLT2 in the kidneys also suppresses the renal reabsorption of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5AG). This lowers serum 1,5AG and neutrophil 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate (1,5AG6P) levels, which may improve neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in patients with glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib). SGLT2, a transport protein exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]

Blood Glucose Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Test Finding
equivalent class: Blood Glucose Measurement
definition: A quantitative measurement for assessing the amount of glucose present in a blood sample. [Definition Source: NCI]

Diabetes Mellitus
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
equivalent class: Diabetes Mellitus
definition: A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. [Definition Source: NCI]

Cholesterol Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Test Finding
equivalent class: Cholesterol Measurement
definition: The determination of the amount of total cholesterol present in a sample. [Definition Source: NCI]

Biguanide
subclass of: Antihyperglycemic Treatment
equivalent class: Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent
equivalent class: biguanide
definition: Any antidiabetic agent with the biguanide base structure or phenformin derivatives with antihyperglycemic activity. Biguanide antidiabetic agents activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) resulting in decreased glucose production in the liver, increased peripheral glucose uptake and improved utilization of glucose. Biguanide-based antidiabetic agents do not cause hypoglycemia. In addition, biguanide antidiabetics decrease absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. [Definition Source: NCI]

eye symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

semaglutide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

History
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: History
definition: The aggregate of past events; the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present; a record or narrative description of past events. [Definition Source: NCI]

Dysuria
type: Class
subclass of: Urinary System Symptom
equivalent class: dysuria
definition: A urinary system symptom that is characterized by the difficult, or painful, discharge of urine. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=dysuria ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000485]

Sign
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

High Sugar Diet
type: Class
subclass of: Sedentary Lifestyle

Efficacy
type: Class
subclass of: Property or Attribute

Hypertension
type: Class
subclass of: Condition
equivalent class: Hypertension
definition: Blood pressure that is abnormally high. [Definition Source: NCI]

body mass index
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Treatment Factor
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Optimal LDL Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 100
on data range: decimal

Obese BMI Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 30
on data range: decimal

Cardiovascular Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Disease
equivalent class: Cardiovascular Disorder
definition: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma. [Definition Source: NCI]

Normal Weight BMI Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 24.9
min inclusive: 18.5
on data range: decimal

High Efficacy
comment: A high capacity to bring about a desired effect.
subclass of: Efficacy

Very High HbA1C Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 215
on data range: decimal

Heart Failure Risk
comment: Risk of heart failure.
subclass of: Cardiovascular Effect

High Cost
comment: Relatively expensive.
subclass of: Cost

Obesity
type: Class
subclass of: Sign
subclass of: CTRP Clinical Finding

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk
comment: Risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis.
subclass of: Cardiovascular Effect

Alogliptin
subclass of: DPP-4 Inhibitor
equivalent class: Alogliptin
equivalent class: alogliptin
definition: A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A selective, orally bioavailable, pyrimidinedione-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. In addition to its effect on glucose levels, alogliptin may inhibit inflammatory responses by preventing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-mediated formation of proinflammatory cytokines. [Definition Source: NCI]

Occupation
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: Occupation
definition: The principal activity that a person does to earn money. [Definition Source: NCI]

Neurological and Physiological Symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: neurological and physiological symptom

urinary frequency
type: Class
subclass of: urinary system symptom

peripheral muscle weakness
type: Class
subclass of: muscle weakness

Diagnostic or Prognostic Factor
type: Class
subclass of: Conceptual Entity

Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Level
type: Class
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Fasting glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Diabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). [Definition Source: url:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 ]

arthritis
type: Class
subclass of: musculoskeletal system symptom

Pain
type: Class
subclass of: Nervous System Symptom
equivalent class: pain
definition: A sensation perception where there is an unpleasant sensation that usually indicates the body is threatened or damaged. The sensation may be sharp or dull, short-lived or chronic, intermittent or continual, confined to one area or spread over the entire body. [ url:http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/MyTreatment/articles/Cancer_PainDefinitions.asp ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000576]

Renal Disease
type: Class
comment: Disease associated with kidneys, typically chronic kidney disease.
subclass of: Disease
equivalent class: Kidney Disorder
definition: A neoplastic or non-neoplastic condition affecting the kidney. Representative examples of non-neoplastic conditions include glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Representative examples of neoplastic conditions include benign processes (e.g., renal lipoma and renal fibroma) and malignant processes (e.g., renal cell carcinoma and renal lymphoma). [Definition Source: NCI]

High Triglyceride Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 499
min inclusive: 200
on data range: decimal

thiazolidinediones
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

glyburide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Personal Medical History
type: Class
subclass of: History

Constitutional symptom
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

has attribute
type: ObjectProperty

Alcohol Use
type: Class
subclass of: Behavior
equivalent class: Alcohol Use History
definition: A description of an individual's current and past experience with alcoholic beverage consumption. [Definition Source: NCI]

Vision Symptom
type: Class
comment: A symptom involving visual impairment.
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: vision symptom

Glipizide
type: Class
subclass of: Sulfonylurea Antidiabetic Agent

Neutral Heart Failure Risk
comment: Minimal effect on reducing or increasing the risk of heart failure.
subclass of: Heart Failure Risk

Increased ASCVD Risk
comment: Potential to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis.
subclass of: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Normal Triglyceride Level
type: Class
subclass of: Triglyceride Measurement
intersection of: Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Normal Triglyceride Range
  on property: hasValue

External Class
type: Class

Normal Weight
type: Class
comment: 18.5<BMI<24.9
subclass of: Body Mass Index Finding
intersection of: Body Mass Index Finding
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Normal Weight BMI Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: BMI greater than or equal to 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m^2 [Definition Source: url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541070/ ]

Nervous System Symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
equivalent class: nervous system symptom

Diabetes HbA1C Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 141.25
on data range: decimal

nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

Glipizide
subclass of: Sulfonylurea
equivalent class: Glipizide
equivalent class: glipizide
definition: An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A short-acting, second-generation sulfonylurea with hypoglycemic activity. Glipizide is rapidly absorbed, has a very quick onset of action and a short half-life. This agent is extensively metabolized in the liver and the metabolites as well as the unchanged form are excreted in the urine. [Definition Source: NCI]

Diabetes Two Hour Blood Glucose Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 200
on data range: decimal

Low Efficacy
comment: A low capacity to bring about a desired effect.
subclass of: Efficacy
equivalent class: Lack of Efficacy
definition: The lack of expected or desired effect related to a therapy. [Definition Source: NCI]

Treatment Efficacy
type: Class
subclass of: Efficacy

lixisenatide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Borderline High Triglyceride Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 199
min inclusive: 150
on data range: decimal

Prediabetes Fasting Blood Glucose Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 125
min inclusive: 100
on data range: decimal

has diagnosis
type: ObjectProperty
range: Disease
sub property of: has attribute

Low Cost
comment: Relatively inexpensive.
subclass of: Cost

dysuria
type: Class
subclass of: urinary system symptom

Linagliptin
subclass of: DPP-4 Inhibitor
equivalent class: Linagliptin
equivalent class: linagliptin
definition: A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes. [Definition Source: CHEBI]
definition: A potent, orally bioavailable dihydropurinedione-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. The inhibition of DPP-4 by linagliptin appears to be longer lasting than that by some other DPP-4 inhibitors tested. [Definition Source: NCI]

Ertugliflozin
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialHeartFailureBenefit
    type: Potential Heart Failure Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Ertugliflozin
definition: Ertugliflozin is in a class of medications called sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. It lowers blood sugar by causing the kidneys to get rid of more glucose in the urine. Ertugliflozin is not used to treat type 1 diabetes (condition in which the body does not produce insulin and, therefore, cannot control the amount of sugar in the blood) or diabetic ketoacidosis (a serious condition that may develop if high blood sugar is not treated). [Definition Source: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a618011.html]

Glucose Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Intervention or Procedure

Optimal LDL Level
type: Class
subclass of: Cholesterol Measurement
intersection of: Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Optimal LDL Range
  on property: hasValue

Conceptual Entity
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Personal History of Febrile States
type: Class
subclass of: Personal History
definition: Febrile seizures are defined as events in infancy or childhood that usually occur between three months and five years of age and are associated with a fever, but without evidence of intracranial infection or a defined cause for the seizure. [Definition Source: url:https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1115/p1199.html ]

Family History of Coronary Artery Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Family History
equivalent class: Family History of Coronary Artery Disease
definition: History of a first-degree relative (less than 55 years for male relatives or less than 65 years for female relatives) having had any of the following: coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, or sudden cardiac death without obvious cause. [Definition Source: NCI]

Triglyceride Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Lipid Measurement

Body Mass Index Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Examination Finding

Very High HbA1C Level
type: Class
subclass of: Blood Glucose Measurement
intersection of: Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood by IFCC protocol
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Very High HbA1C Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: A1C ≥ 9%

Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Patient Characteristic
equivalent class: Disease or Disorder
definition: Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. [Definition Source: NCI]

biguanide
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Cardiovascular Effect
comment: A pharmacotherapy factor related to the heart or blood vessels.
subclass of: Pharmacotherapy Factor
definition: Cardiovascular effects are defined as any uncomfortable physical effect that relates to the heart and blood vessels. [Definition Source: url:https://effectindex.com/categories/cardiovascular-effects ]

rosiglitazone
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Empagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Drug Use
type: Class
subclass of: Behavior
equivalent class: Drug Use History
definition: A description of an individual's current and past use and/or abuse of drugs and chemicals. This includes prescription medication, illicit drugs and recreational substances. [Definition Source: NCI]

metFORMIN [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Very High LDL Range
type: DataRange
min inclusive: 190
on data range: decimal

Cerebral Vascular Accident
type: Class
comment: A stroke.
subclass of: Nervous System Symptom
equivalent class: Stroke
equivalent class: stroke
definition: Stroke is a nervous system symptom characterized by a sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of a blood vessel of the brain. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=stroke ][Definition Source: SYMP:0000734]
definition: A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event. [Definition Source: NCI]

Weight Gain Potential
comment: The capacity for an increase in the weight of an individual.
subclass of: Weight Change Potential

Underweight
type: Class
comment: BMI<18.5
subclass of: Body Mass Index Finding
equivalent class: underweight body mass index status
intersection of: Body Mass Index Finding
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: Underweight BMI Range
  on property: hasValue
definition: The quantification of weight/height relationships below a certain threshold that classes an individual as underweight. This threshold may vary based on an individual's ethnicity but is commonly considered in European populations to correspond to a BMI < 18. [Definition Source: EFO:0005936]

Dapagliflozin
subclass of: SGLT2 Inhibitor
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialDKDBenefit
    type: Potential Diabetic Kidney Disease Benefit
  on property: has attribute
subclass of: Restriction
  has value: PotentialHeartFailureBenefit
    type: Potential Heart Failure Benefit
  on property: has attribute
equivalent class: Dapagliflozin
equivalent class: dapagliflozin
definition: A selective sodium-glucose co-transporter subtype 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with antihyperglycemic activity. Dapagliflozin selectively and potently inhibits SGLT2 compared to SGLT1, which is the cotransporter of glucose in the gut. [Definition Source: NCI]

nervous system symptom
type: Class
subclass of: symptom

empagliflozin
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Measurement
type: Class
subclass of: Property or Attribute

chest pain
type: Class
subclass of: pain

High Triglyceride Level
type: Class
subclass of: Triglyceride Measurement
intersection of: Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Body fluid
intersection of: Restriction
  all values from: High Triglyceride Range
  on property: hasValue

pain
type: Class
subclass of: nervous system symptom

Blood Pressure Finding
type: Class
subclass of: Disease, Disorder or Finding

exendin-4
type: Class
subclass of: External Class

Potential ASCVD Benefit
comment: Potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from atherosclerosis.
subclass of: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

SGLT2 Inhibitor
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

Saxagliptin
type: Class
subclass of: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor

Arthritis
type: Class
subclass of: Musculoskeletal System Symptom
equivalent class: arthritis
definition: Arthritis is a musculoskeletal system symptom characterized as an inflammation of joints due to infectious, metabolic, or constitutional causes. [ url:http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=arthritis ][Definition Source: SYMP:0019169]

Near Optimal LDL Range
type: DataRange
max inclusive: 129
min inclusive: 100
on data range: decimal

Dulaglutide
type: Class
subclass of: GLP-1 Mimetics

Biguanide Antidiabetic Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Anti-diabetic Agent

symptom
type: Class
subclass of: External Class