A lightweight ontology to describe crime events
Crime Event Model (CEM)
-Version 1.1: Insertion of ontology descriptors to be inserted in Linked Open Vocabulary-Version 1: creation
The Crime Event Model is an ontology for the representation of crime events extracted from local newspapers. It could be employed for Crime Analysis purposes: extracting crime information from newspapers and enriching them with proper machine-readable semantics is a critical task to help law enforcement agencies at preventing crime, supporting criminal investigations and evaluating the action of law enforcement agencies themselves. The model is based on the fundamental 5W1H journalistic questions, that are Who?, What?, When?, Where?, Why? and How?. Another important requirement was the attempt to exploit existing knowledge graphs and ontologies such as the Simple Event Model (SEM) Ontology and the Schema.org data model for interoperability and interconnection.
Used to state the author(s) of the crime event.
hasAuthor
Used to state other subject(s) involved in the crime event (e.g., law enforcement agencies).
hasOtherSubject
Property to express the stolen object(s) in a theft.
has stolen object(s)
Used to state the victim(s) of the crime event.
hasVictim
Property to express the weapon(s) used in a robbery.
hasWeapon
The actual body of the article.
articleBody
The basic containment relation between a place and one that contains it.
containedInPlace
Inverse property of containedInPlace.
containsPlace
Date of first broadcast/publication.
datePublished
URL of the item.
url
Headline of the article.
headline
The language of the content or performance or used in an action. Please use one of the language codes from the IETF BCP 47 standard. See also availableLanguage.
inLanguage
Indicates that the CreativeWork contains a reference to, but is not necessarily about a concept.
mentions
The publisher of the creative work.
publisher
Event properties connect Events to other SEM Core entities.
Has actor is used to state which Actors or Objects participate in an Event.
Has place is used to state in which Place(s) an Event happened. Coordinates can be attached to the Place with the W3C Geospatial Vocabulary (http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/XGR-geo-20071023/).
Has subevent connects an Event to other Events that belong to it. This is a very generic property that does not mean the subevents fully define the superconcept or that there is any causal relationship.
Has time is used to indicate at which time an Event took place or when a property under the Temporary Constraint is valid. Has time points to a symbolic representation of time, which allows semantic relations between time resources. (see http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-time/)
The inverse property of hasSubType.
The subject is a subclass of a class.
Property to express how the crime event has been accomplished.
how
Property to manifest if the crime event has been successful.
success
Property to express the crime event motive.
why
Has begin timestamp is used to indicate the beginning of a time interval. Omitting the hasBeginTimeStamp while stating a hasEndTimeStamp is interpreted as an open ended interval.
Has end timestamp is used to indicate the end of a time interval. Omitting the hasEndTimeStamp while stating a hasBeginTimeStamp is interpreted as an open ended interval.
Has timestamp is used to put time indicators on any individual. It is the most common way to state when an Event took place. There are subproperties of hasTimeStamp to represent time intervals and uncertain time intervals. If the exact moment is not known, but it is necessary to specify a certain time, use hasTime instead. All of these properties are also used to indicate the time at which a property under the Temporary Constraint is valid.
Assaults and threats
Assault
Burglary
Corruption
Acts against the natural environment
CrimeAgainstNaturalEnvironment
Acts causing harm or intending to cause harm to the person
CrimeAgainstPerson
Acts against property only
CrimeAgainstProperty
Acts against property involving violence or threat against a person
CrimeAgainstPropertyAndPerson
Acts against public order, authority, and provisions of the State
CrimeAgainstPublicOrder
Acts against public safety and state security
CrimeAgainstPublicSafety
Event subclass to express the crime event.
CrimeEvent
Acts involving proceeds of crime
CrimeProceeds
Acts involving fraud, deception or corruption
CrimeWithDeception
Defamation or insult
Defamation
Discrimination
Acts involving controlled drugs or other psychoactive substances
Drug
Forgery/counterfeiting
Forgery
Fraud
Acts leading to death or intending to cause death
Homicide
Acts intended to induce fear or emotional distress
Intimidation
Money laundering
MoneyLaundering
Other criminal acts not elsewhere classified
OtherCrime
Property damage
PropertyDamage
Robbery
Injurious acts of a sexual nature
SexualCrime
Sexual exploitation
SexualExploitation
Sexual violence
SexualViolence
Slavery and exploitation
Slavery
Acts contrary to public revenue or regulatory provisions
TaxEvasion
Theft
An article, such as a news article or piece of investigative report. Newspapers and magazines have articles of many different types and this is intended to cover them all.
Article
The most generic kind of creative work, including books, movies, photographs, software programs, etc.
CreativeWork
The basic data types such as Integers, Strings, etc.
DataType
A date value in ISO 8601 date format.
Date
A combination of date and time of day in the form [-]CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss[Z|(+|-)hh:mm] (see Chapter 5.4 of ISO 8601).
DateTime
Natural languages such as Spanish, Tamil, Hindi, English, etc. Formal language code tags expressed in BCP 47 can be used via the alternateName property. The Language type previously also covered programming languages such as Scheme and Lisp, which are now best represented using ComputerLanguage.
Language
A NewsArticle is an article whose content reports news, or provides background context and supporting materials for understanding the news. A more detailed overview of schema.org News markup is also available.
NewsArticle
An organization such as a school, NGO, corporation, club, etc.
Organization
A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional).
Person
Entities that have a somewhat fixed, physical extension.
Place
Data type: Text.
Text
The most generic type of item.
Thing
Data type: URL.
URL
Actors are entities that take part in an Event, either actively or passively. Actors do not necessarily have to be sentient. They can also be objects. Actors are a thing, animate or inanimate, physical or non-physical.
The SEM Core class contains all entities that make up the context of an event: Events, Actors, Places, Times. This class is meant to be extended for each application domain.
Events are things that happen. This comprises everything from historical events to web site sessions and mythical journeys. Event is the central class of SEM.
Places are locations where an Event happens. They do not need to be physical places and hence do not necessarily need coordinates. Neither do they need to have any significance apart from them being the location of an Event.
Time contains symbolic representations of when an Event took place. Time instances do not necessarily need to have a timestamp associated with them. The Time class exists to represent semantics of time, e.g. that one thing happens before another, even though the exact timestamps are unknown.