Crime Event Model (CEM)
type: Ontology
version IRI: cem.owl
bibliographic citation: BLIND
contributor: BLIND
created: 2022-06-14
creator: BLIND
description: A lightweight ontology to describe crime events
issued: 2022-06-14
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
modified: 2022-10-26
publisher: BLIND
preferred namespace prefix: cem
preferred namespace uri: https://w3id.org/CEMontology/
comment: -Version 1.1: Insertion of ontology descriptors to be inserted in Linked Open Vocabulary-Version 1: creation
comment: The Crime Event Model is an ontology for the representation of crime events extracted from local newspapers. It could be employed for Crime Analysis purposes: extracting crime information from newspapers and enriching them with proper machine-readable semantics is a critical task to help law enforcement agencies at preventing crime, supporting criminal investigations and evaluating the action of law enforcement agencies themselves. The model is based on the fundamental 5W1H journalistic questions, that are Who?, What?, When?, Where?, Why? and How?. Another important requirement was the attempt to exploit existing knowledge graphs and ontologies such as the Simple Event Model (SEM) Ontology and the Schema.org data model for interoperability and interconnection.
version info: 1.1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vocabulary

hasAuthor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasActor
domain: CrimeEvent
range: Actor
comment: Used to state the author(s) of the crime event.

hasOtherSubject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasActor
domain: CrimeEvent
range: Actor
comment: Used to state other subject(s) involved in the crime event (e.g., law enforcement agencies).

has stolen object(s)
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Theft
range: Thing
comment: Property to express the stolen object(s) in a theft.

hasVictim
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasActor
domain: CrimeEvent
range: Actor
comment: Used to state the victim(s) of the crime event.

hasWeapon
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Robbery
range: Thing
comment: Property to express the weapon(s) used in a robbery.

articleBody
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Article
range: Class
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: The actual body of the article.

containedInPlace
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: containsPlace
domain: Class
  union of: Place
range: Class
  union of: Place
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: The basic containment relation between a place and one that contains it.

containsPlace
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Place
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
range: Class
  union of: Place
comment: Inverse property of containedInPlace.

datePublished
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: CreativeWork
range: Class
  union of: Date
  union of: DateTime
comment: Date of first broadcast/publication.

url
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Thing
range: Class
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: URL of the item.

headline
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: CreativeWork
range: Class
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: Headline of the article.

inLanguage
type: ObjectProperty
domain: CreativeWork
range: Class
  union of: Language
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: The language of the content or performance or used in an action. Please use one of the language codes from the IETF BCP 47 standard. See also availableLanguage.

mentions
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: CreativeWork
range: Class
  union of: Text
  union of: Thing
  union of: URL
comment: Indicates that the CreativeWork contains a reference to, but is not necessarily about a concept.

publisher
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: CreativeWork
range: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Person
  union of: Text
  union of: URL
comment: The publisher of the creative work.

eventProperty
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Event
range: Class
comment: Event properties connect Events to other SEM Core entities.

hasActor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: eventProperty
domain: Event
range: Actor
comment: Has actor is used to state which Actors or Objects participate in an Event.
narrow match: agent

hasPlace
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: eventProperty
domain: Event
range: Place
comment: Has place is used to state in which Place(s) an Event happened. Coordinates can be attached to the Place with the W3C Geospatial Vocabulary (http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/XGR-geo-20071023/).
narrow match: inSpace

has subevent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: eventProperty
inverse of: subevent of
domain: Event
range: Event
comment: Has subevent connects an Event to other Events that belong to it. This is a very generic property that does not mean the subevents fully define the superconcept or that there is any causal relationship.

has Time
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: eventProperty
domain: Event
range: Time
comment: Has time is used to indicate at which time an Event took place or when a property under the Temporary Constraint is valid. Has time points to a symbolic representation of time, which allows semantic relations between time resources. (see http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-time/)
broad match: atTime

subevent of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Event
range: Event
comment: Inverse property of hasSubEvent

subtype of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: subClassOf
domain: Class
range: Class
comment: The inverse property of hasSubType.

subClassOf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
range: Class
comment: The subject is a subclass of a class.

how
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: CrimeEvent
range: string
comment: Property to express how the crime event has been accomplished.

success
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: CrimeEvent
range: boolean
comment: Property to manifest if the crime event has been successful.

why
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: CrimeEvent
range: string
comment: Property to express the crime event motive.

hasBeginTimestamp
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasTimestamp
domain: Event
range: dateTimeStamp
comment: Has begin timestamp is used to indicate the beginning of a time interval. Omitting the hasBeginTimeStamp while stating a hasEndTimeStamp is interpreted as an open ended interval.

hasEndTimestamp
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: hasTimestamp
domain: Event
range: dateTimeStamp
comment: Has end timestamp is used to indicate the end of a time interval. Omitting the hasEndTimeStamp while stating a hasBeginTimeStamp is interpreted as an open ended interval.

hasTimestamp
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Event
range: dateTimeStamp
comment: Has timestamp is used to put time indicators on any individual. It is the most common way to state when an Event took place. There are subproperties of hasTimeStamp to represent time intervals and uncertain time intervals. If the exact moment is not known, but it is necessary to specify a certain time, use hasTime instead. All of these properties are also used to indicate the time at which a property under the Temporary Constraint is valid.

Assault
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPerson
comment: Assaults and threats

Burglary
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstProperty
comment: Burglary

Corruption
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeWithDeception
comment: Corruption

CrimeAgainstNaturalEnvironment
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts against the natural environment

CrimeAgainstPerson
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts causing harm or intending to cause harm to the person

CrimeAgainstProperty
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts against property only

CrimeAgainstPropertyAndPerson
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts against property involving violence or threat against a person

CrimeAgainstPublicOrder
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts against public order, authority, and provisions of the State

CrimeAgainstPublicSafety
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts against public safety and state security

CrimeEvent
type: Class
subclass of: Event
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Actor
  on property: hasAuthor
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Actor
  on property: hasOtherSubject
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Actor
  on property: hasVictim
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
  on property: how
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: string
  on property: why
comment: Event subclass to express the crime event.

CrimeProceeds
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeWithDeception
comment: Acts involving proceeds of crime

CrimeWithDeception
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts involving fraud, deception or corruption

Defamation
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPerson
comment: Defamation or insult

Discrimination
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPerson
comment: Discrimination

Drug
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts involving controlled drugs or other psychoactive substances

Forgery
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeWithDeception
comment: Forgery/counterfeiting

Fraud
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeWithDeception
comment: Fraud

Homicide
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Acts leading to death or intending to cause death

Intimidation
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPerson
comment: Acts intended to induce fear or emotional distress

MoneyLaundering
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeProceeds
comment: Money laundering

OtherCrime
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Other criminal acts not elsewhere classified

PropertyDamage
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstProperty
comment: Property damage

Robbery
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPropertyAndPerson
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Thing
  on property: hasWeapon
comment: Robbery

SexualCrime
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeEvent
comment: Injurious acts of a sexual nature

SexualExploitation
type: Class
subclass of: SexualCrime
comment: Sexual exploitation

SexualViolence
type: Class
subclass of: SexualCrime
comment: Sexual violence

Slavery
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPerson
comment: Slavery and exploitation

TaxEvasion
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstPublicOrder
comment: Acts contrary to public revenue or regulatory provisions

Theft
type: Class
subclass of: CrimeAgainstProperty
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Thing
  on property: has stolen object(s)
comment: Theft

Article
type: Class
subclass of: CreativeWork
comment: An article, such as a news article or piece of investigative report. Newspapers and magazines have articles of many different types and this is intended to cover them all.

CreativeWork
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: The most generic kind of creative work, including books, movies, photographs, software programs, etc.

DataType
type: Class
disjoint with: Core
comment: The basic data types such as Integers, Strings, etc.

Date
type: Class
subclass of: DataType
comment: A date value in ISO 8601 date format.

DateTime
type: Class
subclass of: DataType
comment: A combination of date and time of day in the form [-]CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss[Z|(+|-)hh:mm] (see Chapter 5.4 of ISO 8601).

Language
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: Natural languages such as Spanish, Tamil, Hindi, English, etc. Formal language code tags expressed in BCP 47 can be used via the alternateName property. The Language type previously also covered programming languages such as Scheme and Lisp, which are now best represented using ComputerLanguage.

NewsArticle
type: Class
subclass of: Article
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: CrimeEvent
  on property: mentions
comment: A NewsArticle is an article whose content reports news, or provides background context and supporting materials for understanding the news. A more detailed overview of schema.org News markup is also available.

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: An organization such as a school, NGO, corporation, club, etc.

Person
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional).

Place
type: Class
equivalent class: Place
subclass of: Thing
comment: Entities that have a somewhat fixed, physical extension.

Text
type: Class
subclass of: DataType
comment: Data type: Text.

Thing
type: Class
equivalent class: Thing
comment: The most generic type of item.

URL
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: Data type: URL.

Actor
type: Class
subclass of: Core
comment: Actors are entities that take part in an Event, either actively or passively. Actors do not necessarily have to be sentient. They can also be objects. Actors are a thing, animate or inanimate, physical or non-physical.
broad match: SomethingExisting
broad match: endurant

Core
type: Class
comment: The SEM Core class contains all entities that make up the context of an event: Events, Actors, Places, Times. This class is meant to be extended for each application domain.

Event
type: Class
subclass of: Core
comment: Events are things that happen. This comprises everything from historical events to web site sessions and mythical journeys. Event is the central class of SEM.
broad match: Event

Place
type: Class
subclass of: Core
comment: Places are locations where an Event happens. They do not need to be physical places and hence do not necessarily need coordinates. Neither do they need to have any significance apart from them being the location of an Event.
narrow match: PhysicalRegion
narrow match: SpatialThing

Time
type: Class
subclass of: Core
comment: Time contains symbolic representations of when an Event took place. Time instances do not necessarily need to have a timestamp associated with them. The Time class exists to represent semantics of time, e.g. that one thing happens before another, even though the exact timestamps are unknown.
broad match: timeTemporalEntity